Drug substanceis a chemical compound of natural or synthetic origin, which is the main active principle that determines the medicinal properties. It is part of the drug.
Medicinal raw materials is a source of medicinal substance. The most common and long-known medicinal raw materials include many plants, both wild-growing and cultivated by specialized farms. The second source of medicinal raw materials is the organs and tissues of various animals, the vital products of fungi and bacteria, from which hormones, enzymes, antibiotics and other biologically active substances are obtained. An important role in this is played by genetic engineering, which makes it possible to obtain previously unknown substances. The third source is some natural and synthetic derivatives. After appropriate treatment of the medicinal raw material, an active medicinal substance is obtained.
Depending on the processing method of the medicinal raw material, galenic and newgalenic preparations are obtained.
Galenic preparations are preparations of complex chemical composition obtained from parts of plants or animal tissues. They contain active compounds in combination with ballast substances. Galenic preparations include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, etc.
Novogalenovye preparations are water-alcohol extracts from plant medicinal raw materials of a high degree of purification with the removal of all ballast substances. Thanks to this purification, drugs can be administered parenterally.
Medicinal product (medicine) - this is “any substance or product used or planned to be used to modify or study physiological systems or pathological conditions for the benefit of the recipient” (definition of the WHO scientific team), may contain other substances that ensure its stable form. The terms “drug” and “medicine” are used interchangeably. The medicine may have a single component or complex composition with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. In the Russian Federation, medicinal products are those that are approved for use by the Ministry of Health in the prescribed manner.
Drug - This is a drug in a ready-to-use form. This is a metered drug in an adequate dosage form for individual use and optimal design with the addition of an annotation about its properties and use.
Dosage form- physical state of the drug, convenient for use (see below)
All drugs are divided into three groups, taking into account their possible toxic effects on the human body if used improperly. Lists of these drugs are presented in the State Pharmacopoeia. List A (Venena - poisons) includes medicines, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which, due to their high toxicity, should be carried out with extreme caution. This list also includes drugs that cause addiction. List B (heroica - potent) includes drugs, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which should be carried out with caution in connection with possible complications when they are used without medical supervision. The third group - drugs dispensed from pharmacies without prescription.
3. Medicinal plants as a source medicines. Differences of herbal preparations from synthetic ones.
Medicinal plants are especially valuable in the treatment of chronic diseases, when patients need long-term medication. Their advantage over synthetic drugs is that they rarely cause adverse reactions of the body, are almost non-toxic, are well tolerated by patients regardless of age, are used for prophylactic purposes and for long courses of treatment. In addition, they can be easily prepared at home in the form of tinctures, infusions and decoctions. It should be remembered that only those types of medicinal plants that are well known can be harvested on their own; Do not collect plants in urban areas, near motorways and railways. Scientists divide medicinal plants of the Far East into three categories: 1) especially valuable species (real ginseng, high zamani, Schisandra chinensis, Rhodiola rosea); 2) plants in which related species have large resources and which can be harvested together without dividing into botanical species (dog rose, blueberry, acantopanax, raspberry, currant, cranberry, hawthorn, mountain ash and others); 3) plants that can be collected along with others (juniper, hemophilus, valerian, celandine). Among medicinal plants, there are many species that grow everywhere in the Far East and beyond: chamomile, knotweed, yarrow, celandine, clover, horsetail, rosemary, birch, larch, elderberry.
Key concepts: MEDICINAL PLANT - MEDICINAL VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL Medicinal plants (Plantae medicinalis) - plants containing biologically active substances acting on the human and animal organisms, used to procure medicinal plant materials used for medicinal purposes. Medicinal plant material whole medicinal plants or parts thereof, used in dried, rarely fresh form, as a medicine or to obtain medicinal substances and preparations, and authorized for use by an authorized body in the prescribed manner.
Drug substance used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases, prevention of pregnancy. It can be obtained from blood, blood plasma, as well as organs, tissues of a person or animal, plants, microorganisms, minerals, by synthesis methods or using biological technologies. Medicines also include substances of plant, animal or synthetic origin that have pharmacological activity and are intended for the manufacture of medicines. Ready-to-use dosage formulations. The dosage form is a convenient condition for use given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, which allows to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Medicinal substance is a substance with therapeutic or prophylactic properties and intended for the manufacture of finished medicines.
5. Dosage forms, their classification, characteristics. Selection value dosage form.
Dosage Forms - drugs with certain physicochemical properties and providing optimal therapeutic effect.
These or those pathological conditions are faced by all people, without exception. And no matter what kind of disease in question. In this case, the face can be either the most commonplace, or a terrible ailment called or such a common pathology as. With the development of any pathological condition, we are in a hurry to get this or that medication, hoping that it will help us cope with the existing ailment, and in a fairly short period of time.
Do you know what the word medications generally means? Not?
Read this article.
Definition of a concept
Medicines, medicinal products or preparations are medicinal substances, substances or mixtures of substances of synthetic or natural origin, which are presented in the form of a particular dosage form. It can be both injectable solutions and tablets, capsules, suspensions, etc. All these dosage forms have undergone clinical trials and are approved for use in the treatment, treatment and prevention of various diseases. Today, one can often hear such an expression as a “natural” medication. In this case, it is most often about honey and other beekeeping products, which have numerous healing properties.Historical facts
Information on the first recipes for the manufacture of medicines was found in one of the fragments of papyrus Ebers. There were 877 recipes in this papyrus.Every year, drugs are becoming increasingly important in the life of modern society. This is not surprising, since certain chemical components help to stop very diverse pathologies of the human body. Today, there are already tens of thousands of pharmaceuticals.
Our ancestors tried to heal from a variety of ailments using various substances exclusively natural origin. In most cases, these were plant extracts.
Some ancient healers also invented drugs that could be obtained from animal waste, raw meat or yeast. Even then, people guessed that in many living organisms there was an accumulation of certain components that could help overcome various pathologies. A little later, scientists were able to establish that the effect of such components lies in the selective effect on the human body of various chemical compounds. A few years later, they learned to obtain such compounds in laboratories by synthesis. Already in 1891, a German chemist and bacteriologist Paul Erlich developed a theory of the use of such compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Existing Classifications
Modern experts distinguish several classifications of drugs. So, for example, according to the general classification, they are grouped according to the following principles:- pharmacological action: in this case, we are talking about therapeutic effects that tend to have certain drugs. So, for example, analgesics help reduce pain irritation, but vasodilators tend to dilate blood vessels;
- nosological principle: a list of various medicines that are used to treat a strictly defined disease. It can be both, and, stenocardia, etc.;
- therapeutic use: for example, drugs for the treatment of malignant neoplasms, antimicrobials or medicines to lower blood pressure;
- chemical structure: this group includes medications that are similar in structure. These are salicylates, the main component of which is acetylsalicylic acid. The list of salicylates can include both aspirin and methyl salicylate, as well as salicylamide, etc.
- synthetic: they are obtained by chemical synthesis;
- mineral: they are obtained from mineral compounds such as silver nitrate and magnesium sulfate;
- natural: they are made from extracts of plants, as well as animal tissues and organs.
Dose and concentration
Using this or that medication it is very important to choose its correct dosage and concentration. The dose is the amount of medication, which is expressed in units of volume, mass, biological units. Doctors use exclusively therapeutic and preventive doses, which can be either minimal, or higher or medium. In addition, therapeutic doses are divided into daily, single, maintenance, shock, saturating and others. The breadth of the therapeutic effect of the drug is the range between the minimum therapeutic and minimum toxic dosage. As for the term "concentration", it means the degree of dilution of the pharmaceutical agent in a certain amount of solvent, which can be represented by a biological fluid such as urine, saliva or blood, or a dosage form.Route of administration
There are 2 ways to administer drugs, namely the enteral and parenteral route. In the first case, the drug is administered through the digestive tract, but in the second, it bypasses it.The list of enteric pathways can include:
- oral ( inward);
- rectal ( in the rectum);
- sublingual ( under the tongue);
- buccal ( by the cheek);
- through a probe into the duodenum.
- subcutaneous;
- inhalation;
- intravenous;
- subarachnoid ( under the shell of the brain);
- intramuscular;
- intraperitoneal;
- intraarterial;
- intranasal ( through the nose);
- intrasternal ( in the sternum);
- transdermal ( into the pleural cavity, into the body, urethra, cervix, etc.).
Action types
A variety of therapeutic effects are expressed in certain types of action of drugs, namely:1. local action: represents a set of phenomena that are observed exclusively at the place of use of the drug. It is noted when applying the drug to mucous surfaces or skin. Note that this action is not separate from the reaction of the whole organism. The local effect of the drugs is due to the irritating, enveloping, astringent, cauterizing, as well as anesthetic property. For the purpose of local action, both ointments and gels, powders, plasters, pastes, and also solutions are used;
2. resorptive effect: observed after absorption of the drug into the blood and is characterized by the interaction of its components with tissues and organs;
3. direct action: represents the direct effect of a chemical on a target organ. This action in all cases is primary. Manifestation direct action drugs it is considered to be a selective effect, during which the therapeutic effect is on a limited group of cells or organs;
4. reversible and irreversible action: if the changes resulting from the action of the drug disappear without a trace after a certain period of time, then we are talking about a reversible effect. If this does not happen, then the face is irreversible. Irreversible action in most cases is noted when dosages or concentrations are exceeded, with individual intolerance to the drug by the body, as well as with prolonged use.
Prescription and OTC drugs
A prescription for a particular medicine is a written prescription of a medicine in the prescribed form, issued by a doctor who has the right to do so. Prescriptions are written to dispense a particular drug from a pharmacy or to make and dispense it. From this it follows that the prescription drug is a medication that can be issued by an employee of a pharmacy institution exclusively on prescription. As for an over-the-counter drug, it is a pharmaceutical product that is officially allowed to be released from a pharmacy without a doctor's prescription.
The list of drugs that are allowed to be dispensed without a prescription is established by order of the Ministry of Health. This is done for a reason. The thing is that both irrational use and uncontrolled use of certain drugs can adversely affect the general health of people. The release of some over-the-counter drugs can cause the spread of and.
Shelf life
Shelf life of a pharmaceutical product means the time during which the medicinal products fully meet all the requirements of the regulatory documentation, in accordance with which they were manufactured and stored. In all cases, this time can be established using experiments. The shelf life for finished drugs is set regardless of the shelf life of their main components. The starting date is considered to be the release date of a particular drug. The initial shelf life most often is at least 2 years, while the shelf life of more than 5 years is not recommended, even if the results of stability studies allow this to be done.Storage Features
Storage of all medicines without exception should be carried out in accordance with certain rules. So, for example, medicines are best stored in special medical furniture, which is designed specifically for these purposes. According to existing instructions, bulk preparations should be stored separately from liquids and ointments, but intravenous injection Separated from medicines intended for external use. Separately should be stored and pharmaceutical products of the consonant name. To fulfill all these requirements, medical cabinets are equipped with numerous lockers, compartments and shelves, which makes it possible to most efficiently place drugs, as well as divide them into forms, types and groups.Concerning drugs of the first group, which are poisonous and narcotic drugs, they must be stored in a lockable safe.
Drugs of the second grouppresented by potent medicines should be stored in lockable medical cabinets.
Medical drugs of the third groupthat can be dispensed without a prescription is allowed to be stored in open cabinets.
The course of treatment of the patient depends on the correct storage of drugs. If the rules are violated for any reason, this can lead to a decrease in the therapeutic effect of a drug. In some cases, improper storage becomes the reason that a person begins to feel even worse after a course of therapy with a particular drug.
First aid medicines
Surely each of you has a home first aid kit. It is in this first-aid kit that you need to have a set of first-aid drugs that you can use at any time. Note that in it should be present only those medications, the use of which you are well aware. In no case do not buy the entire pharmacy. If you do not know in which particular cases and doses it is necessary to use this or that drug, then it is unlikely to help you. Moreover, the irrational use of a little-known drug can only aggravate the general situation.And here is a list of well-known medicines that must be present in every home medicine cabinet:
- Suprastin: taken with allergic reactions;
- Loperamide: treats acute and chronic diarrhea;
- Validol: used for hysteria, and angina pectoris;
- Paracetamol or Aspirin: it has an antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect;
- Analgin or Pentalgin: taken with headache and toothache, fever, pain, pain with injuries or;
- Valocordin: neurosis with increased irritability, and tachycardia;
- Donormil or Phenazepam: sleeping pills;
- Activated carbon: used for food intoxication, allergic diseases, poisoning with chemical compounds or salts of heavy metals, withdrawal symptoms. It is recommended to take this drug at the rate of 1 tablet per 5 - 10 kg of weight;
- Albucid: 20% eye dropsendowed with bacteriostatic and antimicrobial action, which can be used to treat both conjunctivitis and blepharitis ( inflammation of the edges of the eyelids), as well as some other eye pathologies. They can also be instilled as a prophylaxis in case of contact with a foreign body such as dirt or sand;
- Phthalazole: an antimicrobial drug used to treat enterocolitis, dysentery, gastroenteritis, and other pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract of an infectious-inflammatory nature.
Free Maternity Medicines
Almost all future mothers acquire other necessary preparations on their own money, without even suspecting that today there is a law providing for the free provision of pharmaceuticals to pregnant women. To receive such medicines, you just need to register with the municipal women's consultation. It is clear that the list of free drugs for expectant mothers is limited, however, it contains almost all the vitamins that a pregnant woman needs. This is folic acid, and vitamin E, and iron, and vitamin B12, and many others.
How to receive such medicines?
First of all, you need to sign up for an examination of you and write a prescription for free drugs. With this prescription, you go to the pharmacy, which has an agreement with a medical institution for free care for expectant mothers, and get the medicine you need. Everything is quite easy and simple.
Free drugs for children up to 1 year old
The appearance of a baby in the family is a rather joyful event, which is often overshadowed by the development of certain diseases in the child. Unfortunately, not all pediatricians inform young parents about the possibility of acquiring free drugs for babies up to a year. As a result, parents have to spend large sums of money so that their baby is healthy and happy again. Right now, your attention will be presented with a list of drugs for children under one year old, which can be obtained free of charge by prescription.The same drug can cause reye's syndrome, which is characterized by acute hepatic encephalopathy.
Against the background of this pathology, both internal organs and the central nervous system are affected. This syndrome is very rare in medical practice, but no parent can know in advance whether his child is predisposed to it or not. Given this fact, it is best not to give aspirin to children under 12 years of age. In the list of drugs that are strictly forbidden to use at elevated temperatures, phenazone, analgin, as well as pyramidone can be added. These drugs are best replaced with ibuprofen or paracetamol. Other prohibited medicines for children are considered boric and chloramphenicol, which are intended for treatment. Some mothers still treat ear diseases with alcohol. In fact, such treatment is at least unreasonable, since these drugs can provoke the development of a burn.
Various painkillers for abdominal pain are also contraindicated in children. Complaints of abdominal pain can indicate both the most common indigestion and appendicitis. Self-medication in such cases is unacceptable. By giving the baby an analgesic, you will only eliminate the pain, but the problem will still remain unresolved. In such cases, the best way out of the situation is to call an ambulance doctor at home. With diarrhea, it is strictly forbidden to give fixing medicines. If diarrhea has arisen as a result, taking such drugs will only aggravate the general situation.
Prohibited antibiotics for children are also considered antibiotics, which are used without the appointment of a specialist. Each antibiotic is a powerful medicine, the irrational use of which can cause the development of various side effects and complications. Hormone pills and homeopathic medicines are also forbidden to be given to children, since all these remedies can have an unpredictable effect on a growing organism.
Remember once and for all - never independently treat your child with potent pharmaceuticals and do not use the methods that your neighbor used. If this or that medicine helped your neighbor’s child, it’s not a fact that your baby’s body will also react to it.
Drug allergy
An allergic reaction can develop to any medication, without exception, but you should not panic about this, since the medication is not so common in modern medical practice. We immediately note that such allergic reactions in most cases occur on certain types of drugs. Most often, these are local anesthetics, penicillin, aspirin, insulin preparations, sulfamides, anticonvulsants and anti-inflammatory drugs, cough syrups, iodine-containing drugs and barbiturates. The severity of signs of such an allergy varies from the most common urticaria to anaphylaxis ( reactions of the body of an immediate type, in which its increased sensitivity is observed).
With the development of drug allergies, the patient may also complain of diarrhea, shortness of breath, vomiting, nausea, runny nose, conjunctivitis, swelling of the tissues, their burning, etc. Repeated use of the drug, which provoked the development of such a reaction, will only increase the severity of its manifestation. Often, drug allergies are attributed to side effects, which develop extremely rarely. Often, patients confuse side effects of the drug, which are most often manifested in a mild form, with an allergic reaction that can even end with the death of the patient.
Diagnosis and treatment of drug allergies
Reveal drug allergy You can immediately in several ways. With the development of anaphylaxis, it is not difficult to identify the drug that provoked its occurrence. Signs that resemble serum sickness most often develop after taking penicillin. Much less commonly, these symptoms result from the use of hydralazine or sulfamides. If you suspect a drug allergy, it is necessary, first of all, to temporarily stop taking all the drugs.To diagnose such immediate reactions, skin samples are often taken from patients. As for the direct treatment of drug allergy, it most often involves the treatment of pain and itching. If the medicine that causes allergic reaction, it is vitally necessary and it is impossible to cancel it in any way, then patients will have to put up with all the unpleasant signs that they have observed.
Slimming medicines and their side effects
is a pathology accompanied by excessive development of adipose tissue. According to statistics, this ailment most often develops after 40 years, and mainly among the fairer sex. In all cases, this pathological condition requires a long course of therapy, with which it is possible to maintain weight at the required level.If we talk directly about drugs that are used in the fight against obesity, then they all provide, in the first place, suppression of appetite. Such medicines are sold both in tablet form and in capsule form. Acting on the body, they seem to deceive it, as a result of which a person does not experience hunger. They also tend to reduce appetite by increasing the number of catecholamines, the chemical components of the brain that have a direct effect on both appetite and mood. Fat absorption inhibitors, which are part of such pharmaceuticals, prevent the absorption of fats, which enter the body along with food. Undigested fat, in turn, is excreted from the body with feces.
It is also important to note the fact that these medicines tend to cause the development of various side effects.
The list of adverse reactions can include:
- insomnia
- anxiety
- headache;
- increased sweating;
- increased heart rate;
- dry mouth
- increase in blood pressure;
- nasal congestion;
- excessive thirst;
- drowsiness;
- spasmodic abdominal pain;
Psoriasis medications
- a chronic disease of a non-infectious nature, in which both the skin and nails, as well as the joints, are affected. This ailment is characterized by a uniform rash in the form of plaques, the diameter of which varies from 1 - 3 mm to 2 - 3 cm, covered with loose sitting scales of silver-white color. Treatment of this pathological condition begins, as a rule, with the use of over-the-counter topical preparations, which should be applied directly to the affected areas of the skin. Most often, these are creams and some other pharmaceuticals, which tend to be well absorbed into the skin. If the patient has moderate or severe psoriasis, then prescription drugs come to the rescue, namely tar, calcipotriol, corticosteroids and anthralin. When using occlusion therapy, moisturizers, gels, or creams are prescribed.
Biological products are another group of medicines that are increasingly used in the fight against this disease. Biological products are medicines that resemble or are identical to proteins that are produced by the human body. In the list of such funds, etanercept and Alefcept can be entered, which tend to block the negative reaction of human immunity, which causes signs of this pathology.
If topical preparations do not have the proper therapeutic effect, then patients are prescribed medications that should be taken orally. These drugs include methotrexate, cyclosporine and retinoids such as acitretin.
Medication for gout
is a pathological condition that is directly related to a violation of uric acid metabolism. This ailment is characterized by paroxysmal, as well as the deposition of uric acid salts in various tissues of the body, most often in joints. If we talk about drugs that are prescribed to patients with gout, then these are mainly uricosuric drugs, which tend to enhance the excretion of uric acid from the body. Most often, the choice of specialists falls on a medication called colchicine, which is especially effective for exacerbations of this ailment. The same drug can also be taken to prevent gout attacks.
Arcoxia is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can also be used to treat this ailment. The same drug also has analgesic and antipyretic effects.
Ambene - this medication is intended for short-term treatment of critical situations with gout.
Preparations for the treatment of osteochondrosis of the spine
The spine is a degenerative pathological condition of the vertebral-motor segment, in which the intervertebral discs are primarily affected, and the other parts of the spine, central nervous system and the entire musculoskeletal system are secondarily affected. Modern specialists for the treatment of this disease immediately use several groups of drugs that help:
- reduce the strength of the manifestation of pain in the back;
- eliminate inflammation;
- restore the regeneration of cartilage and connective tissue of the intervertebral disc;
- prevent the further development of the disease;
- functionally rehabilitate the patient.
Often, the course of therapy involves the use of antidepressants, such as fluoxetine or amitriptyline. The thing is that such drugs tend not only to balance the psyche, but also have a fairly pronounced analgesic effect. Studies have shown that it is with the help of antidepressants that it is possible to achieve better control over pain and significantly reduce the course of therapy.
Medications to improve memory
It's no secret that memory is the most important property of the brain of every person. It is thanks to this property that each of us is able to perform certain actions, remember the information we need, and also communicate with the people who surround us. If you notice that recently the memory has started to let you down, then seek help from a specialist who will select an effective course of therapy for you through which you can improve your memory. There are a lot of drugs designed to improve memory. One of them is a drug called nootropil or piracetam, which is available immediately in several pharmaceutical forms, namely in capsules, oral solution, in granules for the preparation of syrup, in capsules and tablets. This medication can be given even to children in order to enhance the ability to concentrate and much faster, as well as better remember the necessary information. It is important to note that against the background of the use of Nootropil, a wide variety of side effects may develop, namely anxiety, nausea, mental agitation, irritability, sleep disturbances, motor lethargy, and other not very pleasant symptoms.
Another well-known drug that is used directly to improve memory is a medication called glycine. This drug is available only in the form of tablets, however, in terms of effectiveness, it is not inferior to nootropil in anything. With its help, it is possible to reduce irritation and aggressiveness, normalize sleep, facilitate falling asleep, as well as increase efficiency and significantly improve memory. As for the side effects, only allergic reactions can develop against the background of its use.
Quite effective remedy memory improvements are also considered akatinol memantine, which tends to improve the transmission of nerve impulses, normalize membrane potential and increase learning ability. This medicine is produced in the form of tablets, the active components of which are absorbed into the blood for a fairly short period of time.
Alcohol addiction medications
Modern narcologists suggest combating alcohol dependence with the help of special drug coding, which provides for the use of only those drugs that have already proved themselves to be the best. One of these drugs is algominal, which tends to eliminate physical dependence, without causing the development of serious side effects. This drug is appropriate to use at any stage of alcoholism.
The drug Esperal, intended for the treatment of alcohol dependence, can be used both in tablet form and in the form of an implant. Its validity period is from 2 days to 6 months.
Veritrol is one of the newest drugs that helps even when the previous treatment for alcoholism for one reason or another did not have the proper therapeutic effect. This drug is recommended to be administered in two doses, the interval between which is about half an hour. After such a procedure, the patient will need to take finlepsin and lacetam within a month. This approach allows you to increase the efficiency of coding and minimize the craving for alcohol.
All of the above drugs have one common property. If a patient encoded using one of these medicines starts drinking alcohol, then the medicine forms a toxic compound with alcohol, which endangers both the organs and systems of the body, and sometimes even the patient’s life.
Drug substance is a chemical compound of natural or synthetic origin, which is the main active principle that determines the medicinal properties. It is part of the drug.
Medicinal raw materials is the source of the drug. The most common and long-known medicinal raw materials include many plants, both wild-growing and cultivated by specialized farms. The second source of medicinal raw materials is the organs and tissues of various animals, the vital products of fungi and bacteria, from which hormones, enzymes, antibiotics and other biologically active substances are obtained. An important role in this is played by genetic engineering, which makes it possible to obtain previously unknown substances. The third source is some natural and synthetic derivatives. After appropriate treatment of the medicinal raw material, an active medicinal substance is obtained.
According to from the treatment methodnatural raw materials are obtained by galenic and newgalenic preparations.
Galenovdrugs are drugs of complex chemical composition obtained from parts of plants or animal tissues. They contain active compounds in combination with ballast substances. Galenic preparations include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, etc.
Novogalenovye preparations are water-alcohol extracts from plant medicinal raw materials of a high degree of purification with the removal of all ballast substances. Thanks to this purification, drugs can be administered parenterally.
Medicinal product (medicine) - is “any substance or product used or planned to be used to modify or research physiological systems or pathological conditions for the benefit of the recipient ”(WHO definition), may contain other substances that ensure its stable form. The terms “drug” and “medicine” are used interchangeably.
The medicine may have a single component or complex composition with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. In the Russian Federation, medicinal products are those that are approved for use by the Ministry of Health in the prescribed manner.
Drug - This is a drug in a ready-to-use form. This is a metered drug in an adequate dosage form for individual use and optimal design with the addition of an annotation about its properties and use.
Dosage form - the physical condition of the drug, convenient for use.
For all the above provisions, standards are approved by state institutions (Pharmacological Committee, Pharmacopoeia Committee).
All drugs are divided into three groups, taking into account their possible toxic effects on the human body if used incorrectly. Lists of these drugs are presented in the State Pharmacopoeia.
- To the list A (Venena - poisons) are drugs, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which, due to their high toxicity, should be carried out with extreme caution. This list also includes drugs that cause addiction.
- To the list B (heroica - potent drugs) are drugs whose purpose, use, dosage and storage should be carried out with caution in connection with possible complications when they are used without medical supervision.
- Third group - drugs dispensed from pharmacies without prescription.
Prescription drug
The recipe A written instruction from a doctor to a pharmacist about a vacation or preparation of medicines for a patient with instructions for their use is called. A prescription is a legal document that only a doctor can write. Prescription - a doctor’s appeal to a pharmacist about the release of drugs to the patient indicating the dosage form, dose and method of use. A prescription is a medical, legal, and monetary document in the event of free or preferential dispensing of drugs.
Prescribing and dispensing of drugs according to them are carried out in accordance with with “Rules for prescribing”, “Rules for storing the accounting and dispensing of toxic and potent substances” and other official documents that are determined by orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Medicines prepared at the pharmacy or pharmaceutical prescription companies in the Pharmacopoeia are called official, and those that are prepared according to the doctor’s prescription are called manestral.
On special forms funds are prescribed from the list of narcotic substances (which can cause drug dependence - addiction). Narcotic analgesics, psychostimulants (amphetamine, dexamphetamine and similar compounds). Narcotic antitussives (codeine, codeine phosphate, ethylmorphine hydrochloride). Hypnotics (noxiron, etaminal sodium, etc.) Anorexigenic drugs (fepranon, desopimon, etc.) Cocaine hydrochloride, sombrevin.
The prescription for the narcotic drug should be written by the hand of the doctor who signed it, and certified by a personal seal and signature. In addition, the prescription is signed by the head physician of the medical institution or his deputy and certified by a round seal. This prescription order is defined for drugs with anabolic activity (anabolic steroids) and intoxicating effects - phenobarbital, cyclodol, ephedrine hydrochloride, clonidine (eye drops, ampoules).
On other forms of prescription forms antipsychotics, tranquilizers, antidepressants, drugs containing ethyl alcohol, etc. are prescribed.
Without recipe, in the order of manual sale, medicines are dispensed: analgin with amidopyrine 0.25 each (tab.), avisan, decamevit, validol, valerian preparations, Zelenin drops, Vishnevsky ointment, nitroglycerin, etc. It is forbidden for ambulatory patients to write prescriptions for ether for anesthesia, chloroethyl fentanyl and others
Prescriptions consisting of one medicinal substance are called simple, of two or more substances - complex. In complex recipes, the following order of writing drugs is used:
- 1) the main medicine;
- 2) auxiliary means (enhancing or weakening the action of the main drug), substances that improve the taste or smell of the drug or reduce its irritating properties (corrective);
- 3) form-forming substances (drugs that give the medicine a certain consistency).
Doses of drugs.
For the correct action of drugs, they must be used in an adequate dose. Dose is the amount of medicine introduced into the body and has a certain effect on it. The strength of the drug is determined by the dose and order of its administration.
Dose - the amount of drug substance introduced into the body, and is expressed in mass or volume units of the decimal system and is indicated by Arabic numerals. The number of whole grams is separated by a comma. For a unit of weight in the recipe, 1 g is taken - 1.0; per unit volume - 1 ml. When taking medications, it is important to consider that in 1 tbsp. l contains 15 g of water, in 1 tsp. - 5 g; in 1 g of water - 20 drops; in 1 g of alcohol - 47-65 drops.
According to the mode of action, the dose can be minimal, therapeutic, toxic and lethal.
Minimum effective (threshold) dose - This is the minimum possible amount of medicine that can have a therapeutic effect.
Therapeutic dose - this is the amount of medicine that exceeds the minimum effective dose, which gives the optimal therapeutic effect and does not have a negative effect on the human body. Most often in medical practice, the average therapeutic dose is used, which in most cases gives the optimal therapeutic effect without pathological effects.
Toxic dose - this is the least amount of drugs that can cause a toxic effect on the body. For toxic and potent substances indicate the maximum single and daily doses for adults and children in accordance with the age of the patient. In case of an overdose of substances or when replacing one drug with another, poisoning may occur.
The minimum lethal (lethal) dose called the amount of a drug substance that can be fatal.
By amount of application per day, the dose may be single (single) and daily.
They also distinguish:
- Fixed dose. Many drugs have the desired clinical effect in doses below toxic (diuretics, analgesics, oral contraceptives, antibacterial agents, etc.), and individual variability is not significant.
- Variable doses that are difficult to correct. Adequate dose selection is difficult, since the final therapeutic result is difficult to quantify, for example, a state of depression or anxiety, or the effect develops slowly, for example, with thyrotoxicosis or epilepsy, or varies depending on the pathological process (in the treatment of corticosteroids).
- Variable doses, easily correctable. Vital functions under the influence of drugs can change significantly and quickly, such as blood pressure and blood sugar. Dose adjustment can be carried out quite accurately, since the effect of the drug can be quantified. With substitution therapy with corticosteroids, individual doses are also selected.
- Maximum Tolerated Dose. Medicines, which do not allow to obtain the ideal therapeutic effect due to undesirable reactions (anticancer, antibacterial), are used in maximum tolerated doses, that is, they are increased until adverse reactions occur, and then they are slightly reduced.
- Minimum Tolerated Dose. This principle of dosing is used less often, usually with prolonged administration of corticosteroids in inflammatory and immunological diseases, for example, with bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis. The dose that causes a symptomatic improvement may be so high that severe adverse reactions are inevitable. The patient receives a dose that alleviates his condition and is safe. This is a difficult task.
- Initial dose provides the desired effect and does not cause toxic reactions. Often the same with a maintenance dose, which ensures the stability of the therapeutic effect.
A medicinal substance is a chemical compound of natural or synthetic origin, which is the main active principle that determines the medicinal properties. It is part of the drug.
Medicinal raw materials are a source of obtaining a medicinal substance. The most common and long-known medicinal raw materials include many plants, both wild-growing and cultivated by specialized farms. The second source of medicinal raw materials is the organs and tissues of various animals, the vital products of fungi and bacteria, from which hormones, enzymes, antibiotics and other biologically active substances are obtained. An important role in this is played by genetic engineering, which makes it possible to obtain previously unknown substances. The third source is some natural and synthetic derivatives. After appropriate treatment of the medicinal raw material, an active medicinal substance is obtained.
Depending on the processing method of the medicinal raw material, galenic and newgalenic preparations are obtained.
Galenic preparations are preparations of complex chemical composition obtained from parts of plants or animal tissues. They contain active compounds in combination with ballast substances. Galenic preparations include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, etc.
Novogalenovye preparations are water-alcohol extracts from plant medicinal raw materials of a high degree of purification with the removal of all ballast substances. Thanks to this purification, drugs can be administered parenterally.
A medicine (medicine) is “any substance or product used or planned to be used to modify or investigate physiological systems or pathological conditions for the benefit of the recipient” (definition of the WHO scientific group), may contain other substances that ensure its stable form. The terms “drug” and “medicine” are used interchangeably. The medicine may have a single component or complex composition with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. In the Russian Federation, medicinal products are those that are approved for use by the Ministry of Health in the prescribed manner.
A drug is a drug in a ready-to-use form. This is a metered drug in an adequate dosage form for individual use and optimal design with the addition of an annotation about its properties and use.
Dosage form - the physical state of the drug, convenient for use (see below).
For all the above provisions, standards are approved by state institutions (Pharmacological Committee, Pharmacopoeia Committee).
All drugs are divided into three groups, taking into account their possible toxic effects on the human body if used improperly. Lists of these drugs are presented in the State Pharmacopoeia. List A (Venena - poisons) includes medicines, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which, due to their high toxicity, should be carried out with extreme caution. This list also includes drugs that cause addiction. List B (heroica - potent) includes drugs, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which should be carried out with caution in connection with possible complications of their use without medical supervision. The third group - drugs dispensed from pharmacies without prescription.
A prescription is a written instruction from a doctor to a pharmacist about a vacation or about preparing medicines for a patient with instructions for their use. A prescription is a legal document that only a doctor can write. Prescription - a doctor’s appeal to a pharmacist about the release of drugs to the patient indicating the dosage form, dose and method of use. A prescription is a medical, legal, and monetary document in the event of free or preferential dispensing of drugs. Prescribing and dispensing of drugs according to them are carried out in accordance with the “Prescription Rules”, “Rules for the storage of records and release of toxic and potent substances” and other official documents, which are determined by orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Medicines prepared at the pharmacy or pharmaceutical prescription companies in the Pharmacopoeia are called official, and those that are prepared according to the doctor’s prescription are called manestral.
On special forms, funds are prescribed from the list of narcotic substances (which can cause drug dependence - addiction). Narcotic analgesics, psychostimulants (amphetamine, dexamphetamine and similar compounds). Narcotic antitussives (codeine, codeine phosphate, ethylmorphine hydrochloride). Hypnotics (noxiron, etaminal sodium, etc.) Anorexigenic drugs (fepranon, desopimon, etc.) Cocaine hydrochloride, sombrevin.
The prescription for the narcotic drug should be written by the hand of the doctor who signed it, and certified by a personal seal and signature. In addition, the prescription is signed by the head physician of the medical institution or his deputy and certified by a round seal. This prescription order is defined for drugs with anabolic activity (anabolic steroids) and intoxicating effects - phenobarbital, cyclodol, ephedrine hydrochloride, clonidine (eye drops, ampoules).
Antipsychotics, tranquilizers, antidepressants, drugs containing ethyl alcohol, etc. are prescribed on other forms of prescription forms.
Over-the-counter medications are sold through manual sales: analgin with amidopyrine 0.25 each (tab.), Avisan, decamevit, validol, valerian preparations, Zelenin drops, Vishnevsky ointment, nitroglycerin, etc. It is forbidden for ambulatory patients to write prescriptions for ether for anesthesia , chloroethyl, fentanyl, etc.
Prescriptions consisting of one medicinal substance are called simple, of two or more substances - complex. In complex recipes, the following order of writing drugs is used: 1) the main medicine; 2) auxiliary means (enhancing or weakening the action of the main drug), substances that improve the taste or smell of the drug or reduce its irritating properties (corrective); 3) form-forming substances (drugs that give the medicine a certain consistency).
Doses of drugs. For the correct action of drugs, they must be used in an adequate dose. Dose is the amount of medicine introduced into the body and has a certain effect on it. The strength of the drug is determined by the dose and order of its administration.
Dose - the amount of drug substance introduced into the body, and is expressed in mass or volume units of the decimal system and is indicated in Arabic numerals. The number of whole grams is separated by a comma. For the unit weight in the recipe, 1 g is taken - 1.0; per unit volume - 1 ml. When taking medications, it is important to consider that in 1 tbsp. l contains 15 g of water, in 1 tsp. - 5 g; in 1 g of water - 20 drops; in 1 g of alcohol - 47-65 drops.
According to the mode of action, the dose can be minimal, therapeutic, toxic and lethal.
The minimum effective (threshold) dose is the minimum possible amount of medication that can have a therapeutic effect.
A therapeutic dose is the amount of a drug that exceeds the minimum effective dose, which gives an optimal therapeutic effect and does not have a negative effect on the human body. Most often in medical practice, the average therapeutic dose is used, which in most cases gives the optimal therapeutic effect without pathological effects.
A toxic dose is the least amount of drugs that can cause a toxic effect on the body. For toxic and potent substances indicate the maximum single and daily doses for adults and children in accordance with the age of the patient. In case of an overdose of substances or when replacing one drug with another, poisoning may occur.
The minimum lethal (lethal) dose is the amount of a drug substance that can be fatal.
By the number of applications per day, the dose can be single (single) and daily.
They also distinguish:
Fixed dose. Many drugs have the desired clinical effect in doses below toxic (diuretics, analgesics, oral contraceptives, antibacterial agents, etc.), and individual variability is not significant.
Variable doses that are difficult to correct. Adequate dose selection is difficult, since the final therapeutic result is difficult to quantify, for example, a state of depression or anxiety, or the effect develops slowly, for example, with thyrotoxicosis or epilepsy, or varies depending on the pathological process (in the treatment of corticosteroids).
Variable doses, easily correctable. Vital functions under the influence of drugs can change significantly and quickly, such as blood pressure and blood sugar. Dose adjustment can be carried out quite accurately, since the effect of the drug can be quantified. With substitution therapy with corticosteroids, individual doses are also selected.
The maximum tolerated dose. Medicines that do not allow to obtain the ideal therapeutic effect due to undesirable reactions (anticancer, antibacterial) are used in maximum tolerated doses, i.e. they are increased until adverse reactions occur, and then they are slightly reduced.
The minimum tolerated dose. This principle of dosing is used less often, usually with prolonged administration of corticosteroids in inflammatory and immunological diseases, for example, with bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis. The dose that causes a symptomatic improvement may be so high that severe adverse reactions are inevitable. The patient receives a dose that alleviates his condition and is safe. This is a difficult task.
The initial dose provides the desired effect and does not cause toxic reactions. Often the same with the maintenance dose, which ensures the stability of the therapeutic effect.
