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Fpharmaceutical terminology

1. Hdrug nomenclature

Pharmaceutical terminology- this is a complex consisting of the terminology of a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia, the creation and use of drugs), which study the discovery, production, use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin.

In order to correctly understand the principles that influence the choice of certain methods of word formation and structural types of names, it is necessary, at least in the most general terms, to familiarize yourself with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1. Medicinal product (medicamentum, i, n, remedium, i, n, Greek pharmacon) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of a disease. Medicines include substances of plant, animal, synthetic origin that have pharmacological activity and are intended for the production and manufacture of medicines.

2. Medicinal substance (substantia pharmaceutica) - medicine, which is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3. Medicinal plant materials - plant materials approved for medical use (grass, leaves, bark, etc.).

4. Dosage form (forma medicamentorum) - attached to a drug or medicinal plant material, a convenient state for use, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.

5. Medicinal product (praeparatum) - a dosed medicinal product in the form of a specific dosage form.

6. Active (active) substance - a component (s) of a medicinal product that has (e) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7. Combination medicines - medicines containing more than one drug in one dosage form active ingredient in fixed doses.

Actually pharmaceutical terms are the names of general concepts, i.e. those that display the essential features of a whole class of homogeneous objects, for example: a dosage form, a drug (of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin).

Medicines are heterogeneous in nature. They include such product groups as medicinal raw materials (mainly vegetable); medicinal intermediates: pharmaceutical substances intended for the manufacture of medicines and pharmaceuticals, requiring only packaging and packaging; finished pharmaceutical preparations directly dispensed to consumers. The heterogeneity of drugs is due to the mixed nature of their nomenclature (nomenclatura list, list of names). Along with the actual nomenclature of medicines, it uses elements of chemical, pharmacognostic, botanical nomenclature, nomenclature dosage forms.

The nomenclature name serves to designate a single concept, i.e. one that reflects the essential features of only a single object. Such a single item can also be an item in mass form, found in nature or produced by industry under the same special name (chamomile, peppermint, sodium, gold, analgin, norsulfazol, etc.). The set of nomenclature names within a certain classification is corresponding nomenclature.

2. Brief information about dosage forms

Aerosolum, i n aerosol - dosage form, which is a dispersed method of application, carried out using special packaging

Granulum, i n granule - a solid dosage form in the form of grains, grains

Gutta, ae f drop - liquid dosage form intended for internal or external use

Unguentum, i n ointment - a soft dosage form with a viscous consistency, intended for external use

Linimentum, i n liniment - liquid ointment

Pasta, ae f paste - ointment with a content of powdery substances over 20-25%

Emplastrum, i n patch - a dosage form in the form of a plastic mass that softens at body temperature and sticks to the skin; designed for outdoor use

Suppositorium, i n suppository (candle) - dosage form, solid at room temperature and melting or dissolving at body temperature; injected into body cavities.

Pulvis, eris m powder is a dosage form intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution in an appropriate solvent) use

Tabuletta, ae f tablet - a dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances or a mixture of medicinal and excipients;

Tabuletta obducta coated tablet - coated tablet designed to improve taste, keeping quality, appearance

Dragee dragee (French, neskl.) - a solid dosage form obtained by layering drugs and excipients on granules

Solutio, onis f solution - a dosage form obtained by dissolving one or more medicinal substances; intended for injection, internal or external use

Suspensio, onis f suspension - a liquid dosage form in which a solid substance is suspended in a liquid; intended for internal, external or injection use

Emulsum, i n emulsion - a liquid dosage form consisting of mutually insoluble liquids; intended for internal, external or injection use

Pilula, ae f pill - a solid dosage form in the form of a ball (weight 0.1 - 0.5) containing drugs and excipients

Tinctura, ae f tincture - dosage form, which is an alcohol, alcohol-ether, alcohol-water transparent extract from medicinal plant materials; designed for indoor or outdoor use

Infusum, i n infusion - dosage form, which is an aqueous extract from medicinal plant materials; designed for indoor or outdoor use

Decoctum, i n decoction - an infusion that differs in the extraction mode

Sirupus, i m (medicinalis) syrup (medicinal) - liquid dosage form intended for internal use

Species, erum, f pl collection (medicinal) - a mixture of several types of crushed or whole medicinal raw materials for the preparation of infusions and decoctions

Capsula, ae f capsule - a dosage form, which is a drug enclosed in a shell (from gelatin gelatinosa, from starch amylacea seu oblata - starch or cachet, or from another polymer); designed for indoor use

Membranula ophthalmica seu eye film - dosage form in the form

Lamella ophthalmica polymer film replacing eye drops

Extractum, i n extract - dosage form, which is a concentrated extract from medicinal plant materials, intended for internal or external use. E. can be liquid (fluidum), semi-liquid (tenuum, molle), thick (spissum), dry (siccum).

Remember expressions with the word liquor, oris m liquid, solution:

liquor Ammonii anisatus ammonia-anise drops

liquor Ammonii caustici ammonia solution, ammonia

The word species with the meaning "collection" is used in the plural, and therefore the adjectives denoting the names of the collections agree with this word also in the plural. Often fees are called "teas" with the addition of an indication of the nature of their action.

Examples of the name of fees or complex teas:

species aromaticae - aromatic collection

species antiasthmaticae - anti-asthmatic collection

species diaphoreticae - sweatshop

species diureticae - diuretic collection

species laxantes - laxative collection

species sedativae - soothing collection

species pectorales - pectoral collection

species cholagogae - choleretic collection

In the nomenclature of medicines there are several extensive typical groups of names, each of which differs in some common features of the content for its constituent names.

3. The first type group: names of raw materials and products of primary processingTki

The first type group includes the names of medicinal raw materials and products of primary processing, which are phrases consisting of two nouns: the first in the nominative plural means part, organ (except for herba and cortex in the singular) or primary processing product (oleum, gummi - does not decline), the second - in the genitive case of the singular means a producing plant.

For example:

herba Passiflorae - passion flower herb

folia Stramonii – Datura leaves

oleum rosae - rosehip oil

gummi Armeniacae - apricot gum

Latin and Russian names of plant parts are reported in the headings of the pharmacopoeia and on the labels of preparations in the singular (with the exception of flores - flowers). In some names of products of primary processing, it is not the plant as such, but its fruits in the plural: oleum Amygdalarum - almond oil, oleum Olivarum - olive oil, oleum Persicorum - peach oil.

4. Second type group: names medicines in the form of water, alcoholextracts from vegetable raw materials

So, the second type group includes the names of drugs in the form of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from plant materials. These names are phrases, among which there are:

a) the names of medicinal products produced in factories according to a standard prescription. These are tinctures and extracts, as well as syrups (sirupi) obtained from them by mixing with sugar syrup. These names do not indicate the type of plant material from which the extraction is made (tinctura Convallariae, extractum Belladonnae, sirupus Althaeae).

b) the names of infusions and decoctions, which must indicate the type of plant material: (infusum herbae Millefolii, infusum foliorum Sennae, decoctum foliorum Uvae ursi).

Therefore, when prescribing infusions and decoctions, the ratio of units of raw materials by weight and volume units of infusion or decoction is indicated.

5. Lexical minimum

Althaea, ae f - marshmallow

Amygdala, ae f - almond (fruit)

Belladonna, ae f - belladonna

Betula, ae f - birch

Bistorta, ae f - serpentine

Glycyrrhiza, ae f – licorice

Salvia, ae f - sage

Schizandra, ae f - lemongrass

Tormentilla, ae f - cinquefoil

Urtica, ae f - nettle

Camphora, ae f - camphor

Crataegus, i f - hawthorn

Eucalyptus, i f - eucalyptus

Aloё, es f - aloe, sabur

Hippophaё, es f - sea buckthorn

Hierochloe, es f - bison

Papaver, eris n - poppy

Piper, eris n - pepper

Helianthus, i m - sunflower

Leonurus, i m - motherwort

Plantago, inis f - plantain

Adonis vernalis – spring adonis

Convallaria, ae f - lily of the valley

Oxycoccus, i m - cranberry

Ricinus, i m - castor bean

Rubus idaeus, i m - raspberry

Hyoscyamus, i m - henbane

Strophanthus, i m - strophanthus

Myrtillus, i m - blueberry

Thymus, i m - thyme

Veratrum, i n - hellebore

Chelidonium, i n - celandine

Farfara, ae f - coltsfoot

Erysimum, i n - jaundice

Gossypium, i n - cotton, cotton wool

Hypericum, i n - St. John's wort

Solanum tuberosum – potato

Triticum, i n - wheat

Serpyllum, i n - thyme

Linum, i n - flax

Anisum, i n - anise

Rheum, i n - rhubarb

Quercus, us f - oak

Frangula, ae f - buckthorn

spiritus, us m - alcohol

fructus, us m - fruit

aether, eris m - ether

aqua, ae f - water

cortex, icis m-cortex

flos, floris m - flower

planta, ae f - plant (Greek phyton)

herba, ae f - grass

gemma, ae f - kidney

vacca, ae f - berry

cera, ae f - wax

bacillus, i m - stick

globulus, i m - ball

butyrum, i n - butter (solid)

oleum, i n - oil (vegetable)

mel, mellis n - honey

pix, picis f - resin

bulbus, i m - bulb

succus, i m - juice

numerus, i m - number

fungus, i m - mushroom

pharmacon, i n - medicine

principium, i n - beginning, foundation

folium, i n - leaf

rhizoma, atis n - rhizome

medicamentum, i n - medicine, medicine

remedium, i n - remedy (medicinal)

amylum, i n - starch

antidotum, i n - antidote

granulum, i n - granule (seed)

saccharum, i n - sugar

talcum, i n - talc

venenum, i n - poison

vitaminum, i n - vitamin

vitrum, i n - bottle, glass

briketum, i n - briquette

humus, i f - earth, soil

bolus, i f - clay; bolus

crystallus, i f - crystal

officina, ae f - pharmacy

charta, ae f - paper

The name of the plant Althaea comes from the Greek verb althomai to heal, to heal; The name Belladonna is from the Italian words bella beautiful and donna woman. In the old days, the juice of the berries of this plant was instilled into the eyes of women, which made the pupils dilate and the eyes became shiny.

Bistorta the name is made up of two Latin words: bis twice and torta twisted, because. This plant has a double curved rhizome.

Camphora goes back to the Arabic kvfür white; the name comes from the Sanskrit karpura, the so-called substance, the white pieces of which were imported from India.

Glycyrrhiza the name is made up of two Greek words glycys sweet and rhiza root. The name indicated the sweet taste of the root.

Salvia is derived from the Latin verb salvere to be healthy.

Sabur is a dry, hardened juice of aloe leaves, obtained by evaporation. The word "sabur" itself comes from the Arabic sabr patience. The plant was considered a symbol of patience, because. it is capable for a long time do without moisture.

Hippophaё is a Greek compound word formed from two words: hippos horse and phao shine, shine. The name is related to the fact that Ancient Greece sea ​​buckthorn was used in the care of horses, after which their hair acquired a beautiful sheen.

Hierochloe - the name is also of Greek origin, consisting of two words: hieros sacred and chloe grass; because The plant has an incense scent.

The name Oxycoccus is derived from the Greek words oxys for sour and coccos for berry.

Ricinus means tick. The name is explained by the fact that castor bean seeds are similar to ticks in their variegated colors, size and shape.

Hyoscyamus the name is derived from the Greek. words hys pig and cyamos bean. It was noticed that pigs that ate the fruits of this plant fell ill.

Strophanthus the name comes from the Greek. strophos is a twisted ribbon and anthos is a flower, indicating the ribbon-like, spirally twisted tips of the flower petals.

Myrtillus is a diminutive of Myrtus myrtle. Indicates the similarity of this plant with myrtle.

Chelidonium from Greek. chelidon swallow. According to legend, the plant appears with the arrival of swallows and fades with their departure.

Venenum comes from the name of the god Venus Venus, who, in accordance with the myth, made both gods and people drunk with her voluptuous drink venenum, that they lost their minds and in this state committed insane acts.

fluidus, a, um - liquid

oleosus, a, um - oily

flavus, a, um - yellow

amarus, a, um - bitter

coeruleus, a, um - blue

purpureus, a, um - crimson, scarlet

amylaceus, a, um - starchy

gelatinosus, a,um - gelatinous

sanus, a, um - healthy

liquidus, a, um - liquid

ophthalmicus, a, um - eye

majalis, e - May

vernalis, e - spring

dulcis, e - sweet, refreshing

viridis, e - green

similis, e - similar

medicinalis, e - medical

officinalis, e pharmacy, medicinal

aequalis, e - equal

pectoralis, e - chest

naturalis,e - natural

vulgaris, e - common

cardinalis, e - main (about the current medicine)

communis, e - common, ordinary

6. Active present participles, mentionedTused in pharmaceutical terminology to characterize lekarst

adjuvans, ntis - auxiliary

constituens, ntis - shaping

corrigens, ntis - corrective

laxans, ntis - laxative

Passive past participles used in pharmaceutical terminology

depuratus, a, um - purified

rectificatus, a, um - purified (used with alcohol and turpentine)

purificatus, a, um - purified

compositus, a, um - folded, complex

adsorptus, a, um - adsorbed

notatus, a, um - labeled (about radioisotope preparations)

obductus, a, um - covered (with a sheath)

reductus, a, um - restored

concentratus, a, um - concentrated

dilutus, a, um - diluted, diluted

ustus, a, um - burnt

praecipitatus, a, um - sedimentary, precipitated

tritus, a, um - grated

pulveratus, a, um - powdered, powdered, powdered

sterilisatus, a, um - sterilized

solutus, a, um - dissolved

concisus, a, um - chopped (adj.), chopped (adj.), chopped

exiccatus, a, um - dried

7. Trivial and systematic drug namesestva

The third group of nomenclature names includes:

Trivial (trivialis - ordinary, ordinary, simple) names of alkaloids and glycosides. Alkaloids (from Arabic alkali alkali + eidos similarity) - a group of nitrogen-containing organic bases that give an alkaline reaction. Glycosides (from Greek glycyc sweet + eidos similarity) - a group of organic compounds, the molecules of which consist of sugar and a sugar-free substance (aglycone). In its natural form, medicinal plants are used less frequently than chemicals isolated from them belonging to various classes of compounds. Among them are alkaloids and glycosides, which become known by trivial names, which are usually formed by suffixation. The suffix -in-, denoting a substance, a product, is attached to the basis of the Latin generic or species name of plants. For example:

The same alkaloid can be found in different plants. But it gets its name from only one of them. For example, the alkaloids hyoscyamine and skolpolamine, which, together with atropine, are contained in the plant Atropa belladonna, got their names, respectively, from Hyosciamus - henbane and Scopolia - scopolia, because. in these plants they are the main alkaloids. But there are cases when substances that were initially considered different in composition and named differently were later identified and acquired a single name. For example, after it was found that theine contained in tea (Thea), guaranine in guarana and caffeine in coffee are identical alkaloids, the name Coffeinum was assigned to the substance. Sometimes the original name, indicating the producing plant, is retained when the substance is obtained by chemical synthesis. For example, the alkaloid Theophyllinum - theophylline is currently obtained synthetically (purine derivative). But for the first time it was isolated from tea leaves, hence its name: thea tea + phyllon leaf. If not one, but several glycosides are isolated from the same plant species, then the name of the second, third, etc. of them is formed on the basis of a generic or specific name, but with some modifications, i.e. with the addition of new or rearrangement of existing syllables, letters. For example, according to the two main alkaloids isolated from the plant Salsola Richteri - Richter's hodgepodge, the glycosides Salsolinum - salsolin and Salsolidinum - salsolidin are named.

Trivial names of synthetic medicines; frequency features.

By the nature of the expressed frequency, i.e. relatively frequently used, signs of trivial names of synthetic drugs are very heterogeneous. These are the chemical composition and the synthesis route, and the therapeutic (therapeutic) effect, indications of the anatomical or physiological order, belonging to a pharmacological group, etc.

Thus, a pharmaceutical substance (substantia pharmaceutica) is a chemical compound obtained by synthesis, or a biologically active substance isolated in an individual form (individual chemical compound) by special processing from plant, mineral, animal raw materials, as well as from the waste products of bacteria and mushrooms.

A potential medicinal substance synthesized in a laboratory, before its appearance as a product on the pharmaceutical market, goes through the path of official stage-by-stage approval in the status of a drug approved for therapeutic, prophylactic, diagnostic use, and then approved under the terms of regulatory and technical documentation for industrial production as an active substance as part of the drug with one or another dosage form. At the main stages of this path, as a rule, two names are assigned to the medicinal substance: one is scientific chemical or systematic, the other is trivial, which is essentially conditional, arbitrarily constructed. Thus, depending on the principle of naming, scientific and trivial (conditional) names are distinguished. Scientific names include chemical and botanical names. To trivial - all the rest.

8. Scientific chemical or systematic name of the medicinal producteentities

After establishing the composition and structure of the molecule, the organic substance is described by the corresponding chemical formulas - rational or structural. On this basis, the substance is assigned a scientific chemical, or systematic name. A substance must have only one scientific name. It is formulated in accordance with the rules of the International Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (IUPAC). For example, the pharmacopoeial drug Dimedrolum - diphenhydramine has a chemical name and the corresponding structural formula: in -dimethylaminoethyl ether benzhydrol hydrochloride. The use of such long and complicated chemical names for the name of medicinal substances presents certain inconveniences. They cannot serve as a means of communication, information, not only for the consumer of medicines, but also for doctors and pharmacists in their daily work. Therefore, as the names of medicinal substances (drugs, preparations), not scientific, systematic chemical names are used, but trivial ones.

9. Trivial names

These are, in fact, conditional, arbitrarily constructed names. Among them are international names that are used without restriction in different countries; national - mainly in one country and branded, named after the manufacturer. The finished drug enters the market already under the trade name. If a trade name is assigned to an original drug that first appeared on the pharmaceutical market, then patent protection extends to both the drug itself and its original trade name. In this case, it acquires the status of a trademark or trademark.

10. Fourth type group: international generic nameseButvaniya (INN) drugvenous substances

This group includes:

International non-proprietary names (INN) of medicinal substances. Generic names are used free of charge. In the names of medicines, their consumer properties as a product are taken into account and, accordingly, two groups of names are distinguished: branded (brands) and typical (generic). Brand names include the names of original medicines produced by a single manufacturer using patented technology. Type names are assigned to medicines produced, as a rule, by many manufacturers using known technology;

Names of combined drugs, i.e. consisting of 2 or more medicinal substances and produced in a specific dosage form (tablets, suppositories, ointments, etc.). They are usually assigned a code name, and the ingredients of the mixture are not listed under their own names. For example, tablets containing analgin and phenacetin 0.25 each are called Analphenum - analfen; tablets containing analgin 0.25, dibazol, papaverine hydrochloride and phenobarbital 0.02 each are called Andipalum andipal, etc. Such conditional names are abbreviations (abbreviated words) made up of segments arbitrarily cut off from the names of all or some of the ingredients of the standard recipe. Thus, the abbreviation Pyrcophenum is composed of segments pyr + co + phen (um), cut off respectively from the names Amidopyrinum, Coffeinum, Phenacetinum. Usually, the conventional name of the standard prescription is assigned to one specific type of dosage form and is placed as an application in quotation marks: tabulettae "Pyrcophenum", suppositoria "Bethiolum". There are conditional names of combined preparations that reflect not the ingredients of the mixture (composition), but some indirect sign. For example, balsamum "Sanitas" balm "Sanitas", guttae "Denta" drops "Dent".

In recipes for tablets and suppositories of a combined composition with a conventional name (i.e. without listing the ingredients), the words tabuletta and suppositorium are put in the accusative plural, since the weight of the ingredients, being standard for this mixture, is not indicated. For example:

Recipe: Tabulettas "Pyrcophenum" numero 10

Take: (whom? what?) 10 Pirkofen tablets

Vitamins are prescribed by doctors either under letter designations (A, B, C, D, E, H, K, P, PP) or under international trivial names adopted by biochemists (Thiaminum, Axerophtholum, etc.). Since some vitamins, denoted by a certain letter, are heterogeneous, although they are chemically related compounds, serial numbers are added to the letter designations. For example, B1, B2, etc. The growth in the number of heterogeneous vitamins, denoted by the same letter, made it necessary to replace the letter designations with verbal ones. Most of these verbal designations reflect the chemical content of the vitamin: Thiaminum (B2), Pyridoxinum (B6). The name of vitamin C - Acidum ascorbinicum ascorbic acid - reflects the fact that the lack of this vitamin in the body caused a disease called scurvy scorbutus. Some alphabetic symbols for vitamins are the initial letters of words that characterize the therapeutic efficacy of a given vitamin. For example, P - from the word permeabilitas permeability; This vitamin strengthens capillary walls and regulates their permeability. K - from the word coagulatio coagulation (blood); accelerates blood clotting. PP - from the English expression pellagra preventing warning pellagra (joint disease). Vitamin preparations consisting of several vitamins (multivitamins) receive conditional names, which often include the segment -vit- (from vita life). For example, dragee "Undevitum".

The names of enzyme preparations occur in accordance with the principles of biochemical nomenclature, according to which the systematic and trivial names of enzymes are formed with the suffix -as-: Hyaluronidasum hyaluronidase, Amylasum amylase, etc. But there are trivial names formed differently. For example, Pancreatinum pancreatin (from pancreas pancreas) is an enzyme preparation of the pancreas.

The name of hormonal drugs occurs as follows. With the exception of preparations of female (estrogenic) and male (androgenic) sex hormones, the names of which include the segments oestr and andr (or stan, or ster), respectively, the names of other hormonal preparations most often come from the name of the organ in which this hormone is produced or on which directs the action of the hormone. For example, preparations of thyroid hormones (glandula thyreoidea) and parathyroid hormones (glandula parathyreoidea) are named respectively Thyreoidinum thyroidin and Parathyreoidinum parathyroidin. The segment thyr (tyr, tir) found in trademarks most often indicates drugs used to treat diseases of these glands.

The name of the hormone Insulinum insulin is derived from the name of the anatomical formation in which the hormone is produced: insula Langeransi islet of Langerans.

A number of hormones produced by the cortex of the adrenal glands and called corticosteroids, as well as preparations of these hormones, are named with the segment cort; cortic. For example, Desoxycorticosteronum deoxocorticosterone. There are names indicating the organ or activity that the hormonal drug stimulates: Adrenocorticotropinum adrenocorticotropin - the trade name of the adrenocorticotropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex (cortic + adrenalis adrenal + tropos direction).

In this group, there are polynomial models of drug names:

Tablets: tabulettae (dosage form) Raunatini (name of the medicinal product in the function of an inconsistent definition) obductae (dosage form definition in the form of an agreed definition);

Extracts: in the names of extracts, definitions are used that characterize the consistency of the extract: liquid (fluidum), thick (spissum), dry (siccum). For example: extractum Frangulae fluidum; extractum Belladonnae spissum; extractum Belladonnae siccum;

Tinctures: if the tincture is an alcohol-water or alcohol-ether extract, then it can receive an additional characteristic: water (aquosa), ethereal (aetherea). For example, tinctura Rhei aquosa or tinctura Valerianae aetherea;

Simple and complex recipes with the same basic tool. To distinguish between simple and complex prescriptions, additional definitions are introduced in the names of some drugs: comppositus, a, um complex (for a prescription with several ingredients) and simplex, icis simple (with one drug). For example, a complex prescription: infusum Sennae compositum - a complex infusion of Senna (in addition to Senna leaves, there are other ingredients); simple prescription: infusum foliorum Sennae - infusion of Senna leaves;

Radioactive isotopes: after the name of medicinal substances, the name of the isotope with a numerical designation is put in the ablative, and then the agreed definition of notatum labeled: Iodolipolum Iodo-131 notatum iodolipol labeled with iodine-131.

Fifth type group: sera, vaccines, toxoids

This group includes sera (serum, i n), vaccines (vaccinum, i n), toxoids (anatoxinum, i n).

In the names of sera, vaccines and toxoids, the following order in the placement of definitions is practiced:

Immediately after the word serum, vaccinum or anatoxinum follows an adjective with the suffix -icum (rarely -osum) formed from the name of the corresponding infection against which the drug is directed. For example:

serum antidiphthericum - antidiphtheria serum

serum antigangraenosum - antigangrenous serum

vaccinum antirabicum - anti-rabies vaccine (against rabies)

vaccinum antipestosum - anti-plague vaccine

anatoxinum tetanicum - tetanus toxoid

The last places in the names can be occupied by definitions characterizing:

for sera and vaccines - purification (purificatum) and concentration (concentratum)

for vaccines: state of vaccines: (vivum - live) (siccum - dry)

for toxoids: purification (purificatum) and adsorption (adsorptum).

For example:

serum antitetanicum (purificatum concentratum) - tetanus toxoid serum (purified concentrated)

vaccinum antipestosum (vivum siccum) - anti-plague vaccine (live dry) anatoxinum staphylococcicum (purificatum, Aluminii hydroxydo adsorptum) - staphylococcal toxoid (purified, adsorbed by aluminum hydroxide)

There are names of vaccines built with an inconsistent definition:

vaccinum variolae - smallpox vaccine; variola, ae f.

vaccinum Salmonellae typhi - typhoid vaccine.

Salmonella, ae f - the name of a special group of bacteria - salmonella (produced on behalf of the English pathologist Salmon);

Salmonella typhi is a typhoid bacillus.

11. Sixth type group: chemical nomenclature

Names of chemical elements

All Latin names of chemical elements are neuter nouns of the II declension, with the exception of two: Sulfur, uris n (III declension) - sulfur and Phosphorus, i m (m.r.) phosphorus. NB! Chemical symbols come from the Latin names of the elements and reflect their orthographic features Ca - Calcium, K - Kalium, P - Phosphorus, Fe - Ferrum, etc. Some elements in foreign publications have other Latin names Na - Sodium, Hg - Mercurium, K - Potassium and etc.

Names of acids

The Latin names of acids consist of the noun acidum, i n acid, and the adjective of the first group agreed with it. The suffix -ic-um or -os-um is added to the basis of the name of the acid-forming element, characterizing the degree of oxidation.

The suffix -ic- indicates the maximum degree of oxidation and corresponds in Russian adjectives to the suffixes -n-th, -ev-th or -ov-th, for example: acidum sulfuricum sulfuric acid.

The name of an acid with a low oxidation state is built with the suffix -os-um: acidum sulfurosum sulfuric acid; acidum nitrosum nitrogen-ist-th acid.

Adjectives in the names of oxygen-free acids include the prefix hydro- the basis of the name of the acid-forming element and the suffix -ic-um. In Russian, this corresponds to an adjective with endings: ... hydrochloric, ... hydrogen (acid): acidum hydrochloricum hydrochloric (hydrochloric) acid.

Names of acids

acidum aceticum acetic acid

acidum acetylsalicylicum acetylsalicylic acid

(Aspirinum) (aspirin)

acidum adipinicum adipic acid

acidum adenosintriphosphoricu

acidum ascorbinicum

acidum barbituricum barbituric acid

acidum boricum boric acid

acidum benzoicum benzoic acid

butyric acid

acidum caproicum

acidum carbolicum

acidum carbonicum

acidum citricum citric acid

perchloric acid

folic acid

acidum formicicum formic acid

acidum glutaminicum glutamic acid

lactic acid

acidum lipoicum

acidum maleicum

acidum manganicum

acidum nicotinicum

acidum nitricum nitric acid

acidum nucleinicum nucleic acid

acidum oleicum

acidum oxalicum oxalic acid

acidum pantothenicum

acidum phosphoricum phosphoric acid

acidum phthalicum phthalic acid

acidum propinicum

acidum salicylicum salicylic acid

acidum stearic acid

acidum sulfuricum sulfuric acid

acidum tartaricum tartaric, or tartaric acid

acidum thiosulfuricum thiosulfuric acid

acidum undecylenicum

acidum arsenicosum arsenic acid

acidum nitrosum nitrous acid

acidum sulfurosum sulfurous acid

acidum hydrochloricum hydrochloric acid

acidum hydrocyanicum hydrocyanic (cyanic) acid

acidum hydrosulfuricum

12. Latin names of oxides, hydroxides

Names of oxides, hydroxides

The names of oxides (peroxides) and hydroxides consist of two nouns, the first of which - the name of the cation - is put in the genitive case, the second - the group name of the oxide (anion) - the noun oxydum, i n with the corresponding prefixes is put in the nominative case:

Zinci oxydum Magnesii peroxydum

Zinc oxide magnesium peroxide

Oxide (oxide) is denoted by the word oxydum, i n

Peroxide (peroxide) - peroxydum, i n

Hydroxide (hydroxide) - hydroxydum, i n

For example:

Calcii oxydum calcium oxide

Hydrogenii peroxydum hydrogen peroxide

Calcii hydroxydum calcium hydroxide

The Latin names of oxides are formed according to the principle of a consistent definition, where the anion is expressed by the adjective name oxydulatus, a, um (nitrous, nitrous), consistent with the name of the cation.

For example:

Nitrogenium oxydulatum - nitrous oxide (literally: nitrogen oxide).

According to the international method: oxydum nitrosum

Names of salts

The Latin name of salts consists of two nouns, the first of which is the name of the anion in the nominative case, the second is the name of the cation in the genitive case (sodium sulfate, potassium bromide).

cation (n. in Gen) + anion (n. in Nom)

Depending on the suffix of the anion in the Russian name, you can choose the corresponding equivalent suffix in the Latin name:

Salts of oxygen acids:

Natrii sulfas (Gen. sing. Natrii sulfatis)

Natrii sulfis (Gen. sing. Natrii sulfitis)

Salts of anoxic acids:

Kalii iodidum (Gen. sing. Kalii iodidi)

Thiamini bromidum (quaternary base) (Gen. sing. Thiamini bromidi)

In the names of oxygen-free salts, the prefix hydro- is added to the name of the anion.

Hydrobromidum hydrobromide

Hydroiodidum hydroiodide

Basic salts

The Latin names of the main salts are formed in the same way as the names of the middle salts, but with the addition of the conditional prefix sub-. For example: Bismuthi subnitras - basic bismuth nitrate (bismuth subnitrate)

sodium and potassium salts

The names of sodium and potassium salts consist of the name of the substance and the name -natrium or -kalium attached to it through a hyphen in the nominative case.

For example:

Barbitalum-natrium - barbital sodium

Sulfacylum-kalium - sulficyl-potassium

The names of ethers in Russian are written in one word, in Latin - the principle of naming salts is preserved:

Methyl salicylate - Methylii salicylas (gen. -atis)

Phenyl salicylate - Phenylii salicylas (gen. -atis)

Greek numerals-prefixes in chemical nomenclature

Greek prefixes are widely used in chemical nomenclature. So, the double amount of anion in the molecule of the drug is indicated by the numeral prefix di- - di-.

For example: Hydrargyri dichloridum - mercury dichloride, or mercury dichloride. Chinini dihydrochloridum seu Chininum dihydrochloricum - quinine dihydrochloride, or quinine dihydrochloride.

1 - mono (o) - mono or single

2 - di- di- or two-

3 - tri

4 - tetra-tetra-

5 - penta- penta-

6 - hexa- hexa-

7 - hept (a) - hepta-

9 - ennea- or lat. nona- ennea- or nona-

13 - trideca

14-tetradeca

The systematic names for saturated hydrocarbons are derived from the base Greek number names with the suffix -an-. For example:

pentanum - pentane

hexanum - hexane

heptanum - heptane

octanum - octane

nonanum - nonan

decanum - dean

undecanum - undecan

dodecanum-dodecan

The Latin names of radicals, hydrocarbon and acid, are formed by adding the suffix -yl- and the ending -ium to the roots of the names of the corresponding hydrocarbons or acids. For example:

hydrocarbon radical

methanum methylium methyl

aethanum aethylium ethyl (the root aeth comes from aether ether, since the rest of ethane is part of the ether)

acid radical

ac. aceticum acetylium acetyl

ac.formicicum formylium formyl

13. Grhammatic, orthographic and phonetic features in the formation of drug namesTmilitary means

The combination of the above groups of names forms the trade nomenclature of finished medicines.

The trade name is the name of the finished medicinal product intended for trade. Trade names constitute the trade or commercial nomenclature of medicines and are assigned both to medicines containing a single drug substance and to medicines with a complex composition.

Trade names can be of several types. As trade name can be used:

1) chemical (rational) name. A chemical systematic name is a scientific name compiled according to the principles of the International Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (IUPAC).

The chemical name is formed in strict accordance with the structure of the molecules of the chemical compound and is assigned to an individual active substance (substance) that has therapeutic effect. The chemical rational name takes into account the structure of the active substance based on the principle of dividing organic compounds into homologous series. Rational nomenclature is not used to designate complex chemical structures.

2) generic (generic) name - a conditional non-proprietary name assigned to a generic medicinal product manufactured by different manufacturers. In the case of generic combination medicinal products, generic names are used only to refer to the components and not to the medicinal product itself. For reproduced single-component medicinal products, the generic name is compiled, as a rule, on the basis of:

International Nonproprietary Name (INN). INN is a symbol of a medicinal substance (pharmaceutical substance) compiled according to the rules adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO), which has passed international examination according to the procedure established by WHO and is recognized by the national Ministries of Health of the WHO member countries as the name of the medicinal product. INN contributes to the unification of the nomenclature of medicinal substances with the help of a single, simple, informative and generally accessible designation accepted by all states. In the "Basic Principles for Compiling INN Names and Pharmaceutical Substances" developed by WHO, it is recommended to include in the INN syllables indicating that the drug belongs to a certain class, pharmacological group, chemical or other nature of the substance. INN should not contain anatomical, physiological pathological and therapeutic concepts. The INN is public property; as a trade name, it can be used by any firms producing the corresponding medicinal substance as the only active ingredient of the medicinal product. In law Russian Federation"On Medicines" (No. 86-FZ of 06/22/98) provides for the mandatory use of INN. For well-known drugs in national pharmacopoeias, in addition to INN, generic names may be used that are accepted across several countries, but do not have international status, or, in some cases, their own national names;

INN indicating the anion of the salt in the form of which the substance is used;

The national non-proprietary name (NNN) is a conventional name that is assigned to a medicinal product in the absence of an INN and is used mainly within one state. National names are accepted in most countries with a developed pharmaceutical industry and are included in national nomenclatures. National names are, in particular, pharmacopoeial names of medicines, if they differ from the INN or if no INN has been created for them. In the USA, the national nomenclature is called USAN - United States Adopted Names, in the UK BAN - British Approved Names; pharmacopoeial names are abbreviated USP and BP, respectively.

A brand name is an individual conventional trade name under which a medicinal product is produced by a certain manufacturer. Brand names can be assigned to both a new, original drug, and its analogue, reproduced by another manufacturer after the expiration of the patent for the original drug (generic name). Trade names based on INN and INN do not apply to brand names. The generic brand name of a medicinal product - generic is to a certain extent protected from illegal use by another manufacturer through state registration of the medicinal product itself;

3) a proprietary name is a trade name that is a trademark - a word or phrase registered as a property mark of a separate manufacturer and protected by a patent or registration certificate. Proprietary name always branded;

4) brand name:

each trivial name of a medicinal substance - a product of chemical synthesis or natural origin - is a neologism, i.e. a new word created for the first time that did not previously exist in any of the natural languages. Neologisms can be formed by word formation, affixation, abbreviation (abbreviation), rearrangement of word components, borrowing and associative way.

In pharmaceutical terminology, the methods of word formation of drug names perform certain linguistic functions: nominative, informative, cognitive, to which a special indicative function of commercial differentiation is added, which helps to distinguish between products that contain the same active ingredient, but are produced by different manufacturers.

The type of trade name is often determined by whether the drug is original or generic.

An original drug (English brand) is a new drug that first appeared on the pharmaceutical market. Such funds are created by the largest pharmaceutical companies with significant scientific potential and financial resources. The name of the original medicinal product is an object of intellectual property and is protected by a long-term reproduction patent (approximately 15-20 years). After the expiration of the patent, the right to manufacture and sell is available to all firms wishing to manufacture the drug. This right does not apply to a proprietary name (trade name). The reproduced drug is produced either under a generic name (INN, NNN), or the company gives it its own trade name. A generic drug is a drug that contains the same active ingredient in the same dose and dosage form and has the same effect as the original one. Generic drugs are analogues of patented drugs sold under chemical or generic (INN) names after the expiration of patent protection for the corresponding patented drug (definition given by the FDA - US Food and Drug Administration). The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Associations (EFPIA) defines generics as generic drugs that are interchangeable with their brand-name counterparts, introduced to the market after the patent protection period for brand-name medicines has expired.

Grammatical, spelling and phonetic features in the construction of drug names

The Latin grammatical form is traditionally the official form of drug names in national pharmacopoeias, in scientific and reference literature in European languages. This is, as a rule, the form of the middle gender of the II declension with the ending -um, or very rarely - the feminine form of the I declension:

Atropin - atropine

Acidum ascorbinicum - ascorbic acid

Urea - urea

When designating oxides, salts and ethers according to the so-called Anglo-Saxon method, recognized internationally at the end of the 19th century, phrases with suffixes in the names of anions were used, forming words of the II or III declension:

Zinci oxydum - zinc oxide

Tubocurarini chloridum - tubocurarine chloride

Amylii nitris - amyl nitrite

When work began on assigning international non-proprietary names (INNs) to pharmaceutical substances, the WHO Chronicle published lists of recommended and then approved INNs in five languages: Latin, English, German, French and Russian. This principle is preserved at the present time in the national information publications of the WHO on frequency segments (syllables) recommended for inclusion in the INN. In the International Pharmacopoeia I and II editions, the names of drugs also had a Latin grammatical form, accompanied by a translation in editions in national languages.

Due to the fact that most European peoples use the Latin alphabet, the changes during the transition to national languages ​​consisted only in replacing the Latin ending -um with an unpronounceable -e or zero ending.

Procaine - procaine

Deanol aceglumate - deanol aceglumate

Often the trade names of foreign drugs do not have Latin grammatical design and are characterized by a variety of final elements:

Quipro, Upsampi, Iso Mack, Cetebe, etc.

Along with such names, firms still give their drugs names with the traditional Latin ending -um, thus giving them a scientific character: Imodium, Valium, Relanium.

Since the form of trademarks must be unchanged, trademarks ending in -um are not subject to declension. Therefore, in the practice of writing recipes, there is their writing without changing the ending to the traditional for Latin names LS-ending of the genitive case -i.

Features of writing the names of medicines in the trade nomenclature

In the modern trade nomenclature, when writing drug names, there is one important feature - the simplification of spelling, which concerns, first of all, word-formation means of Greek origin. As a result, in the writing of INNs approved at different times, there is an inconsistency in the graphic form of the same word-building elements.

This sometimes leads to contradictions in graphical form. trade names in various guides:

"Vidal" "Synonyms of medicines"

Cordanum Kordanum

Urographinum Urografin

In the domestic drug nomenclature, the accuracy of writing Latin and Greek word-forming elements was observed very carefully before, but recently simplified spelling has also been found in the trade names of Russian drugs. Compare, for example, the names:

Inhitril, but Ingiprol from lat. inhibeo - to hinder

Phthorotanum, but Ftorafur from Gr. Phthorum - fluorine

...

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Pharmaceutical terminology- this is a complex consisting of a set of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the discovery, production, use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and preparations officially approved for use. The pharmaceutical market uses tens and hundreds of thousands of names of medicines. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250,000. Every year, the pharmacy chain receives new and new medicines.

In order to have an idea of ​​how the names of medicines are created, which affects the choice of certain word-formation methods and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself at least in the most general terms with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1.Medicine(medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of a disease.

2.medicinal substance(materia medica) - a medicinal product, which is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3.Medicinal plant materials- plant materials approved for medical use.

4.Dosage form(forma medicamentorum) - a condition convenient for use that is attached to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.

5.medicinal product(praeparatum pharmaceuticum) - a drug in the form of a specific dosage form.

6.Active substance– component(s) of a medicinal product that has(s) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7.Combined medicines- medicinal products containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Medications

1. Trivial names of medicinal substances

Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic names, which they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial ( lat. trivialis - "ordinary" ) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification adopted by chemists, do not indicate the composition or structure. In this respect, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as the names of medicinal substances due to their bulkiness and complexity for use in prescriptions, on labels, and in the pharmacy trade.

Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.

Examples of trivial names

Ways of word formation of trivial names

Trivial drug names are derivatives of various word-formation structures. A word or a group of words, which are often systematic names of chemical compounds or names of sources for their production, is used as a producer. The main "building" material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-forming elements, roots and simply the so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. So, for example, a preparation from the herb Adonis spring (Adonis vernalis) is called Adonisidum - adonizide; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of the digitalis plant (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - digoxin. The name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance derived from mint oil (oleum Menthae).

Abbreviation

Among the various methods of word formation used to create trivial names, the most productive is abbreviation (lat. brevis - "short") - reduction. This is a way of creating complex abbreviated words, the so-called abbreviations, by combining word segments arbitrarily selected from the corresponding producing words or phrases. As such, the systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.

Trivial naming (abbreviation) producing systematic naming

With the help of abbreviation, the names of combined drugs are also formed. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned compound name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.

Name of the combination drug

Composition of active substances:

Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - tablets "Anhofen";

Unguentum "Efcamonum" - ointment "Efcamon".

Suffixation

By adding a suffix (most often -in-) to the producing base, they usually form the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials, and biological substances - the waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) . The names of the corresponding plants, mushrooms are taken as generating words.

Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.

foundation

Even less often than suffixation, the addition of stems is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - "bile" + enzymum - "enzyme"), Apilacum (apis - "bee" + lac - "milk").

Basic methods and rules for constructing pharmaceutical terms

1. Most Latin drug names are nouns of the second declension of the middle gender with the end –um:Ampicillinum -i: Ampicillini . The stress in such terms is always placed on the penultimate syllable. The Russian names of these medicines are transliterated names without the ending -um: ampicillin.

2. Some Latin names of medicines of the second declension of the neuter gender end in -ium. They correspond to Russian names on –th, -form: sodium - Natrium, chloroform - Chloroformium. The genitive form of such nouns ends in -ii: Chloroformii(the first i is the final vowel of the stem). The stress in such terms is always placed on the third syllable from the end.

3. A small group of imported drugs for - a: For example, Levodopa, Methyldopa, are inclined according to the first declension.

a. Russian names of medicines with an ending -behind are transmitted into Latin by neuter nouns: glucose - Glucosum, lidase - Lydasum (but: exceptions - Asperasa, Gelatosa).

4. Trade names of medicines must be spelled as they are patented, often without Latin endings. However, in recipes, they are conditionally latinized - in the form of the genitive case, they are written with the ending –i: Magurol-Maguroli, Taktivine-Taktivini.

5. In titles medicines the dosage form is written first: solutio, unguentum, tinctura etc.

In the second place, the name of the drug is written in the genitive case with a capital letter: Solutĭo Lidocaīni – lidocaine solution, Unguentum Tetracyclīni - ointmenttetracycline(Latin nouns - the names of medicinal substances in the genitive case can be translated into Russian as an adjective).

6. Adjectives in pharmaceutical terms are written at the end of a term: Solutio Hexoestrolioleōsa - Hexestrol oil solution(however, after dosage forms membranulae - films, mixtura - potion, spongia - sponge, suppositorium - candle adjectives are written directly after the name of dosage forms, for example: Suppositorium rectal "Anusolum").

7. In the names of tinctures, infusions, extracts and decoctions, between the designations of dosage forms and the name of the plant, parts of the plants (leaf, root, grass, etc.) are indicated in the genitive case: Infūsum foliōrum Digitālis – foxglove leaf infusion(Latin nouns - the names of medicinal plants in the genitive case can be translated into Russian by the adjective - Oleum Eucalypti - eucalyptus oil).

8. Medicinal products of complex composition not to list components are often assigned commercial names. When prescribing them, the dosage form is indicated first, and then the commercial name. in the nominative case in quotation marks: Suppositorĭa "Anaesthesōlum" - candles "Anestezol".

Also, plants got their names in honor of the scientists who first discovered and described them. Consider the characteristic features described above with specific examples. Examples of plants whose Latin names reflect their habitat are Helleborus caucasicus - Caucasian hellebore - grows in the humid mountain forests of the Caucasus. Sophora japonica - Japanese Sophora, whose homeland is China and Japan. Periploca graeca - the Greek foliar - prevails in the Balkan Peninsula, on which the Hellenic Republic is located. The ecological feature is reflected in the name of mountain arnica (Arnica montana), which grows in mountain meadows. The growing conditions of the plant were also reflected in the name of the marsh cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum) - it is found on the swampy banks of rivers and lakes. The name of the plant Helichrysum arenarium also tells us about the conditions in which it grows - the immortelle prefers dry sandy soils. The morphological feature includes the structural features of the plant, the characteristic features of the external structure. On this basis, Cassia acutifolia got its name (from the Latin "acute" - sharp, "folia" - leaf), the leaf of which has a pointed top. St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) also got its name for the peculiarity of the external structure - there are numerous small dark and light glands on its leaves, which makes it seem that the leaves are perforated (from the Latin "perforatum" - perforated, i.e. has numerous holes). The name of licorice naked - Glycyrrhiza glabra indicates the absence of pubescence of the plant stem (from the Latin "glabra" - naked). The species name Glycyrrhiza tells us that the plant has a sweet root (from the Greek "glycys" - sweet, "riza" - root), which is due to the content of a large amount of glucose in it. Licorice root is used medicinally as an expectorant and anti-inflammatory agent. Bitter almonds (Amygdalus amara) contain hydrogen cyanide, which gives them a bitter taste and toxicity. Plants have different aromas, in connection with this, fragrant bison (Hierochloё odorata) got its name. The plant contains coumarin glycoside, which gives bison grass the smell of freshly cut hay. Stinky basil (Thalictrum foetidum) owes its name to glandular pubescence, the secretions of which give the plant a peculiar smell. The plants get their names due to the color of the corollas: blue cyanosis - Polemonium coeruleum, yellow gentian - Gentiana lutea. Names were given to plants for their resemblance to some object, or even a plant. For example, horsetail conifer (Ephedra equisetina) is a shrub whose stems resemble horsetail stems. The sunflower, whose Latin scientific name of the genus (lat. helianthus - solar flower), comes from the Greek words helius ("sun") and anthemon ("flower"). Russian name arose due to the fact that its inflorescences always turn towards the sun, which is more pronounced than in other plants (the so-called heliotropism is the turn of open and sun-facing inflorescences following its movement across the sky, as a special case of phototropism). The therapeutic effect of medicinal plants is reflected in the species name of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), preparations from which are used to treat and prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system. Also, the therapeutic effect of the plant is found in the name of the antihelminthic mari (Chenopodium anthelminthicum). Anthelmintic marijuana serves as a raw material for the production of essential chenopodium oil, used in scientific medicine as an antihelminthic for pinworms and roundworms. Some plants in their species name reflected the names of scientists who first discovered and described these plants. For example, Lobel's hellebore (Veratrum lobelianum) was named by the French botanist Charles Plumier in honor of the Flemish botanist Matthias de l'Aubel, who in his book Plantarum seu stirpium historia (Antwerp, 1576, in folio, with an index in seven languages) depicted 2191 plant . Voronov's snowdrop (Galánthus wóronowii) is named after the Russian botanist Yuri Nikolaevich Voronov, who made a significant contribution to the systematization of flowering plants in the Caucasus region. Depending on the periods of life or flowering, plants also get their names. These plants include annual pepper (Capsicum annuum), summer wheat (Triticum aestivum), spring primrose (Prímula véris) and many other plants. Let's take a closer look at the Latin names of plants that reflect the property of toxicity. In pharmacy, in the manufacture of medicines, medicinal plant materials are widely used. Among the plants from which raw materials are obtained, there are poisonous ones. Poisonous plants contain toxic substances. Toxicity is the ability of a substance that enters a living organism to cause damage to an organ or death of the organism. The toxic properties of plants are reflected in their names. Knowing the etymology of the name of the plant, we can draw conclusions about whether this plant belongs to the group of poisonous ones. This is very important in the pharmaceutical industry, since the use of poisonous medicinal plants must be carried out with strict precautions. Consider some examples of plants whose names indicate the presence of toxic properties. Atropa belladonna (atropos - "irrevocable", "inevitable") - common belladonna. Carl Linnaeus named the genus after the Greek goddess of fate Anthrope, who personified the inevitability of death. The specific name "belladonna" (belladonna) comes from the Italian words "bella" and "donna", which in translation into Russian means "beautiful woman". In the old days, Italian ladies dripped belladonna juice into their eyes so that the pupils dilated and the eyes acquired a special brilliance. The main alkaloid of the plant is atropine, it has a psychotropic and anticholinergic effect. Signs of atropine poisoning can be the following symptoms : dry mouth and pharynx, speech and swallowing disorder, diplopia (visual impairment consisting in doubling of visible objects), photophobia, palpitations, shortness of breath, headache, dilated pupils that do not respond to light. Atropine sulfate, belladonna extracts and tinctures are used in medicine as antispasmodic and analgesic agents for gastric ulcer, cholelithiasis, and bradycardia. Aconite soorgoricum (akon - "throwing spear" or konion - "to kill") - Dzungarian aconite (Dzungarian wrestler). The plant was used by many peoples as a lubricant for arrows when hunting animals. The poisonous properties of aconite have been known since antiquity. In one of his poems, Ovid said that Medea wanted to poison Theseus with aconite juice. According to ancient Greek myth, aconite grew from the poisonous saliva of the hellish dog Cerberus, whom Hercules brought from the underworld to earth (the eleventh feat of Hercules). The name "wrestler" originated from Scandinavian mythology: the wrestler grew up on the site of the death of the god Thor, who defeated a poisonous serpent. On the last day before the end of the world (Ragnarok), Thor fights the world serpent Jörmungandr, the offspring of Loki. Thunderbolt blew off the monster's ugly head and, moving only nine steps away from it, drowned in a stream of poison spewing from the dead creature's open mouth. Thor's hammer was picked up by his son, Magni, who continued to fight for his father. The Germans called aconite the helmet of the god Thor and the wolf root (Thor, as they said in the myth, fought the wolf with the help of aconite). It is believed that it is from here that our Russian name aconite came from - a wrestler, a wolf-killer. There is another name for the wrestler - "king-grass". This name was given to this plant for its strong poisonousness. In some countries, the possession of aconite was punishable by death. The entire plant, from roots to pollen, is extremely poisonous. Plutarch writes that the warriors of Mark Antony poisoned by aconite lost their memory and vomited bile. According to legend, it was from aconite that the famous Khan Timur died - his skullcap was saturated with poisonous juice. In medicine, root tubers and fresh grass are used as an irritating and distracting agent. Veratrum lobelianum (verare - "to tell the truth") - hellebore Lobel. Powder from the roots of hellebore has an irritating effect: when it gets on the mucous membranes, it causes sneezing (there is a sign according to which a person sneezes if he tells the truth). Hellebore roots contain the alkaloid protoveratrin, which can suppress the work of the central nervous system. Hellebore Lobel is able to reduce blood pressure and increase the strength of heart contractions. Strychnos nux vomica (strephein - “turn over”, “twist.”) - chilibuha (vomit). Chilibukha is so named because when it is poisoned, convulsions twist a person so that death can occur at the first attack. This effect is manifested due to the content of the extremely toxic alkaloid strychnine in the plant. Strychnine excites the central nervous system and primarily increases reflex excitability. At high doses of strychnine, various irritants cause the appearance of severe painful tetanic convulsions. Chilibukha preparations are used as a tonic for a general decrease in metabolic processes, with rapid fatigue. Narcissus poeticus - poetic narcissus. This plant got its generic name from the Greek verb "narkao" - to stupefy, to stun. The aroma of a large number of daffodils can cause a headache. In the examples that we have considered, the presence of toxic properties is indicated by the generic name of the plant. It reveals the action that manifests itself in poisoning with substances contained in the plant. Also, the generic name may indicate the object on which the poisonous effect of the plant was first noticed. For example, Dioscorides noticed that pigs, when eating black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger (hyos - pig, cyamus - bean), convulsed and died. In Russian, the toxic effect of plants is usually reflected in folk names: death bells (large-flowered foxglove); sleepy stupefaction, mad cherry (Belladonna vulgaris), arsenic, drunk grass (lanceolate thermopsis, causes dizziness), mad grass (henbane), marsh madness (marsh wild rosemary), etc. Thus, we studied the etymology of the names of medicinal plants, examined the classification plants, depending on the characteristic features reflected in the scientific names of plants; gave a definition of the concept of "toxicity"; drew attention to the fact that it is important for a pharmacist to know the etymology of the names of poisonous medicinal plants; considered examples of some Latin and Russian folk names of plants, which reflect functional property "toxicity".

S.Zh.Asfendiyarov atyndagy Kazak Ulttyk Medicine University

Takyryby: Names of medicinal plants and medicinal

means in pharmaceutical terminology

Pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of the terminologies of independent special disciplines, united under the general name of pharmacy (gr. pharmakeia), which deal with the issues of obtaining, processing, manufacturing, storing and dispensing medicines. Pharmaceutical terms denote the raw materials from which medicinal substances are obtained, as well as the products of processing of this raw material.

§53. Basic terms of pharmaceutical terminology

and their definitions

Pharmaceutical substance 1 (hereinafter - medicinal substance) - a substance of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin, which has pharmacological activity and is used for industrial production and pharmaceutical production medicines.

Medicinal plant materials- Whole medicinal plants or parts of medicinal plants (roots, rhizomes, tubers, herbs, flowers, spores, fruits, seeds, stems, bark, leaves) used for industrial production and pharmacy production of medicines.

Medicine- a substance or a combination of several substances of natural, synthetic or biotechnological origin, having pharmacological activity and in a certain dosage form used for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, prevention of pregnancy, rehabilitation of patients by internal or external use.

Dosage form- the form given to the medicinal product, which determines its state, dosage, packaging and method of application.

§54. Basic principles for the formation of names

medicines

Most of the names of finished (manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry) medicines consist of one word. Since there are currently approximately 300,000 over-the-counter drugs and 100,000 prescription drugs, you can imagine how many word-names are in operation around the world. To avoid confusion, there is a rather limited list of International Nonproprietary Names, compiled according to the rules adopted by the World Health Organization. The names of new medicines undergo international examination according to the established procedure.

Knowledge of the basic rules for the formation of drug names is necessary in order to competently resolve the issues of the use or prescription of drugs in the implementation of therapeutic and preventive measures.

Modern medicines are obtained by chemical synthesis and initially have scientific (systematic) names that correspond to the composition and structure of the molecule of a chemical compound. Many drugs retain names that correspond to their chemical composition. These are the names of chemical elements, metal salts, inorganic acids and alkalis: iodine, calcium gluconate, sodium chloride, acetylsalicylic acid, etc. However, most of the systematic names are inconvenient not only for patients, but also for doctors and pharmacists in professional communication. For example, the well-known analgin has the following systematic name: 1-Phenyl-2,3-dimethyl-4- methylaminopyrazolone-5-N-sodium methanesulfonate. In such cases, drugs are trivial names (lat. trivialis "ordinary, ordinary"). The main purpose of such names is the selection of one or another drug from a number of similar ones. In this case, trivial names should follow the following principles:

1) they should be as brief as possible;

2) easy to pronounce;

3) have a clear phonetic-graphic distinction.

Each title must be markedly different from other titles. After all, it is enough to make a mistake in just a few letters for a serious mistake to occur.

Trivial names are made up of the root elements of the names of medicinal raw materials, chemical compounds, prefixes and suffixes with a stable meaning. Therefore, they cannot be called meaningless, although they do not have a holistic meaning and are not translated into national languages.

For the correct memorization of the names of medicines, word-formation analysis is necessary in order to see prefixes, root or suffix elements in the composition of the word, which in this section we will call frequency segments. Unlike clinical terminology, where the main motive for memorizing a term element was its meaning, pharmaceutical terminology requires orthographic accuracy in writing Latin drug names.

As part of the names of medicines, well-known word-formation units are distinguished: prefix, root, suffix.

Prefixes in pharmaceutical names

Console	Meaning	Examples
		Antistruminum (struma goiter)
		Contraceptinum (conceptio conception)
de-, des-	from, elimination	Decaris (ascaris askaread)
	no, denial	Analginum (algia pain)
e-, ex-, exo-		Exomuc (mucosa mucous membrane)
	more than, over	Supradyn (dynamis force) - multivitamin complex with trace elements
	more than, over	Ultracain is a powerful pain reliever with quick action and good tolerance
	good, normal	Euphyllinum - a derivative of theophylline
		Sinepress (pressio) pressure)
Greek prefixes
mono-		Monomycinum, i n
		Trimecainum, i n
		Tetracyclinum, i n
pent(a)-
		Hexamethylentetraminum, i n
		Mycoheptinum, i n
		Octathionum, i n
		Decamevitum, i n
	eleven
latin prefixes
	eleven
		Octoestrolum, i n

Root frequency segments contain basic information about the composition or action of the drug. Most of them have a certain meaning, stable spelling and serve as a building material for the formation of various terms. Root frequency segments can be combined with other frequency segments in different ways so that the name of each drug is individual, but at the same time allows you to determine belonging to a particular pharmaceutical group:

Pharmacological information
1. Raw materials for obtaining this drug	Theophyllinum contains tea leaf extract (thea - tea; phyllon- sheet); Apilac contains dry matter of royal jelly of bees (apis bee; lac milk); pancreatinum powder from the pancreas of slaughter cattle (pancreas, ătis - pancreas); ViprosalumB contains gyurza poison (vipĕra - snake, viper)
2. Name of producer 1	Penicillī num by Penicillium - the name of a particular mold strain; Cephalosporī num from Cephalospor ī num acremonium - mushroom name
Belonging to a specific pharmaceutical group	Azythromycī num group antibiotic streptomycin Ampicillī num antibiotic of the penicillin group Doxycyclī n(um) group antibiotic tetracycline
Therapeutic effect	analgī num from an (negation) + algos - pain; Spasmolytī num from Greek spasmos - spasm, spasm + lysis - destruction; Cardiovalenum from cardia heart + valere to be healthy; Dormiplant sleeping pills of plant origin from lat. dormire- sleep, planta- plant.
Chemical Information	Synthomycī num a synthetic analogue of streptomycin (synthetĭcus - formed by chemical synthesis)

The names of synthetic drugs can also be formed on the basis of letters and syllables extracted from their complex systematic name: Dimexidum from dimethyl sulfoxide; Dimedrolum from benzhydrol dimethylaminoethyl ether.

Sometimes there are no pharmacologically significant elements in the names of medicines, because the names are based on some indirect associations. So, the name of the well-known enzyme preparation for improving digestion "Festal" is based on the Latin word festum - celebration. In the name of the antibiotic Nystatinum the place where it was first received is indicated - N ew Y ork Stat e - New York state. Some drug manufacturers include elements of the company name in the name: Ciprobay from Ciprofloxacinfirm Bayer; Baypress from Nitrendipinefirm Bayer.

Suffixes as part of trivial names, they are more often used not for an informative purpose, but serve to complete, give terminology to a word, some suffixes have some binding to a specific pharmaceutical group:

suffixal frequency segment	Peculiarities use	Example
- in-	In the names of medicines of plant and animal origin	atropinum from Atropa belladonna belladonna; papaverinum from Papaver poppy: Ephedrinum from Ephedra equisetina ephedra. Adrenalinum from glandulae adrenals adrenal glands
- al-	In the names of many sedative and hypnotic drugs	Phenobarbitalum phenobarbital Rameval rameval Bromisoval bromized
- ol-	In the names of alcohols, phenols and some other cases	Pyrobutol pyrobutol Oestradiolum estradiol
- yl-	Indicates the presence of hydrocarbon and acid radicals	Vinylinum vinyline Methyliisalicylas methyl salicylate

Grammatically trivial names are, as a rule, neuter nouns of the II declension with the ending - um: Analginum, i n; Atropinum, i n; Codeinum, i n. Imported drugs are signed in accordance with the standards adopted by the manufacturing country. Since most European countries use the Latin alphabet, the difference in special Latin names and national names is expressed only in the replacement of the Latin - um to the unpronounceable -e or null ending. For convenience and uniformity in the preparation of recipes, these names can be conditionally Latinized, using the nominative or genitive case with the desired Latin ending.

The trivial names of medicines are not translated into Russian, but transcribed: Dimexidum - dimexide;Dimedrolum- diphenhydramine; Azathioprinum- azathioprine; Cyclophosphamidum - cyclophos-famide etc.

In the trade nomenclature of medicines of the 20th century, the tendency to simplify the spelling of word-forming elements of Greek origin intensified, which was subsequently officially recognized by the World Health Organization. In newly created names, substitution is allowed ph on f ; th on t ; ae , oe on e ; y on i . As a result, we observe differences in the spelling of the same frequency segments in the names of different manufacturers. Such simplifications often make it difficult to interpret the general framework. In our study guide the focus will be on classical writing. (Practitioners are provided with lists of recommended drugs, which indicate how they are written).

§55. Names of drugs of complex composition

Medicines containing two or more pharmaceutical substances (ingredients) in their composition in a strictly defined dose usually receive a conditional (brand, patent, trade, commercial) trade name. Most often, such a name is an arbitrary combination made up of segments selected from the names of all or some of the ingredients. For example, the name Pyrcophenum is composed of syllables extracted from the names of the ingredients that make up this medicine: Amidopy rinum, co ffeinum, Phen acetinum; name Asparkam - respectively from Kalii asparaginas, Magnii asparaginas.

Similar drug names are quoted and placed after the name of the dosage form: tabulettae "Pyrcophenum", tabulettae "Asparkam", unguentum "Laevomecol", suppositoria "Bethiolum", etc.

§56. Uppercase and lowercase letter

In pharmaceutical terms with capital (capital) letter are written:

1. Names of medicines - analginum, i n; Platyphyllinum, i n; Spiritus aethylicus - ethanol.

2. Names of medicinal plants - Valeriana, ae f; Althaea, ae f;

3. Names of chemical elements: Calcium, i n; Kalium, i n(If chemical element is part of a complex name as an application, then it is written through a dash with a small letter: Oxacillinum- sodium);

4. Prescription verb formulations - recipe; Da; Signa.

5. The initial word of each new prescription line.

So lowercase (small) letter are written:

1. Names of dosage forms, if they do not start the prescription line.

2. Names of plant parts, if they do not start the recipe line.

3. The names of anions of salts, as well as all adjectives and participles, are always written with a small letter, since they cannot begin a recipe line.

§57. Names of plants and their parts

in pharmaceutical terminology

Many medicines are prepared from plant materials: infusions, tinctures, decoctions, extracts, etc. When prescribing them, both the name of the plant and the name of that part of it from which this medicine is to be made are indicated. Plant names are always capitalized and plant parts are always capitalized unless they start a line in a recipe.

It must be remembered that the names of medicinal plants can be nouns of I-IV Latin declensions of all genders: Mentha, ae f- mint; Leonū rus, i m- motherwort; Foenicŭ lum, i n - dill; Adonis, ĭ dis m- adonis; Quercus, us f- oak.

Some names of plants of ancient Greek origin retain the Greek endings of the nominative or genitive cases, so when memorizing the lexical minimum, follow the dictionary form: Alohers f- aloe; Strychnos, i m- chilibuha.

Please note that all tree names in Latin are feminine, regardless of the grammatical features of the gender: Eucalyptus, i f eucalyptus; Quercus, us f- oak; sambuWithus, i f- elderberry 1 .

In the recipe, the names of plants are written in the singular, parts of plants - in the singular or plural. Nouns herba, ae f - grass; cortex, ĭcis m - bark; radix, īcis f- root; rhizōma, ătis n - rhizome- in the only; flos, floris m - flower; folium, i n - sheet; fructus, us m - pl one; gemma, ae f- bud- in the plural.

§58. Brief information about dosage forms

Liquid dosage forms

Solution (solution, ō nisf) - a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving a solid drug substance or liquid in a solvent. Depending on the solvent, aqueous, alcohol, glycerin and oil solutions are isolated. Solutions are used for internal and external use, as well as for injections.

Slime (mucilago, ĭ nisf) - obtained by dissolving mucous substances of plant origin or by extracting mucous substances from vegetable raw materials by infusion, as well as from starch when treated with hot water.

suspension (suspension, ō nisf) - a liquid dosage form in which solid finely divided insoluble medicinal substances are suspended in a liquid.

emulsion (emulsion, in) - a liquid dosage form in which water-insoluble liquids (fatty oils, balms) are suspended in the aquatic environment in the form of tiny drops.

Infusion (infū sum, in), decoction (decoctum, in) - liquid dosage forms, which are aqueous extracts from plant materials.

Medicinal collection (species, ē rumf) - a mixture of several types of crushed, less often whole herbal medicinal raw materials.

Tincture (tinctū ra, aef) - liquid transparent to varying degrees colored alcohol extract from vegetable raw materials.

extract (extractum, in) - concentrated extract obtained from medicinal plant materials.

potion (mixtū ra, aef) - liquid dosage form, which is obtained by dissolving or mixing in various liquid bases (in water, alcohol, glycerin, vegetable oils etc.) several solids or when mixing several liquids.

Liniment (linimentum, in) - dosage form for external use. Most liniments are homogeneous mixtures in the form of thick liquids.

Soft dosage forms

Ointment (unguentum, in) - dosage form for external use, having a viscous consistency.

Pasta (pasta, aef) - a variety of ointments with a content of powdered substances of at least 25%.

Suppositories (suppository, in) - dosage forms that are solid at room temperature and melt or dissolve at body temperature. There are rectal suppositories (suppositoria rectalia), vaginal (suppositoria vaginalia) and sticks (bacilli).

Solid dosage forms

Tablet (tabuletta, aef) - a solid dosage form obtained by pressing medicinal substances or mixtures of medicinal and excipients. Tablets are manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry using special machines.

Dragee (dragé enon-cl.)- a solid dosage form for internal use, obtained by repeated layering (drape) of medicinal and excipients on sugar granules. Dragees are manufactured in a factory way.

Powder (pulvis, ĕ rism) - solid dosage form for internal and external use, with the property of flowability.

Granule (granŭ lum, in) - solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles (grains, grains) of round, cylindrical or irregular shape.

Pill (pilŭ la, aef) - solid dosage form for internal use in the form of balls weighing 0.1–0.5 g, prepared from a homogeneous plastic mass. Currently, pills are prescribed extremely rarely. They have been supplanted by tablets and dragees as much more convenient forms.

Capsule (capsŭ la, aef) - is a shell for dosed powder, pasty, granular or liquid medicinal substances used orally. Capsules produce drugs that have an unpleasant taste, odor or irritant effect.

Various dosage forms

Eye films (membraneŭ laeophthalmĭ cae) - sterile polymer films containing medicinal substances in certain doses and soluble in lacrimal fluid.

Aerosol (ayorosō lum, in) - aerodisperse system for spraying drugs used for inhalation or for external use.

§59. The structure of trade names of medicines

Latin for physicians: lecture notes by A. I. Shtun

Lecture No. 10. Pharmaceutical terminology and prescription. Some general pharmaceutical terms

Pharmaceutical terminology- this is a complex consisting of a set of terms from a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the discovery, production, use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive set of names of medicinal substances and preparations officially approved for use. The pharmaceutical market uses tens and hundreds of thousands of names of medicines. The total number of medicines and their combinations available in different countries exceeds 250,000. Every year, the pharmacy chain receives new and new medicines.

In order to have an idea of ​​how the names of medicines are created, which affects the choice of certain word-formation methods and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself at least in the most general terms with some general pharmaceutical terms.

1.Medicine(medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by the authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use in the treatment, prevention or diagnosis of a disease.

2.medicinal substance(materia medica) - a medicinal product, which is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.

3.Medicinal plant materials- plant materials approved for medical use.

4.Dosage form(forma medicamentorum) - a condition convenient for use that is attached to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved.

5.medicinal product(praeparatum pharmaceuticum) - a drug in the form of a specific dosage form.

6.Active substance– component(s) of a medicinal product that has(s) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.

7.Combined medicines- medicinal products containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.

The table below illustrates some of these concepts.

Medications

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