Pharmaceutical Terminology- a complex consisting of sets of terms of a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the research, production, use medicines vegetable, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of medicines - an extensive collection of items medicinal substances and drugs approved for use. In the pharmaceutical market, tens and hundreds of thousands of medicines are used. The total number of medicines available in different countries and their combinations exceeds 250 thousand. Every year, the pharmacy network receives more and more new medicines.
In order to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhow the names of medicines are created, which affects the choice of various word formation methods and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with some general pharmaceutical terms at least in general terms.
1. Medicine(medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by an authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use in order to treat, prevent or diagnose a disease.
2. Drug substance(materia medica) - a medicine that is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.
3. Medicinal plant material- plant materials approved for medical use.
4. Dosage form(forma medicamentorum) - a condition convenient for use when given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved.
5. Drug(praeparatum pharmaceuticum) - a medicine in the form of a specific dosage form.
6. Active substance- the component (s) of the medicinal product that has (s) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.
7. Combined Medicines- medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.
The table below illustrates some of these concepts.
Medications1. Trivial names of drugs
Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic nameswhich they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial (lat trivialis - "mundane" ) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification adopted by chemists, nor indicate composition or structure. In this regard, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as the names of medicinal substances because of the bulkiness and complexity for use in prescriptions, on labels, in the pharmacy trade.
Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.
Examples of trivial names
Methods of word formation of trivial names
The trivial names of medicines are derivatives of various derivational structures. As generators, a word or group of words is used, which are often the systematic names of chemical compounds or the names of the sources for their production. The main “building” material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-building elements, roots and just the so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. So, for example, a preparation from spring adonis herb (Adonis vernalis) is called Adonisidum - adoniside; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of digitalis plants (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - Digoxin. Name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance obtained from peppermint oil (oleum Menthae).
AbbreviationAmong the various word-formation methods used to create trivial names, the most productive is the abbreviation (lat. Brevis - “short”) - reduction. This is a way to create complex words, the so-called abbreviations, by combining word segments arbitrarily isolated from the corresponding generating words or phrases. As such, systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.
Trivial name (abbreviation) producing a systematic nameWith the help of abbreviations, the names of combined medicines are also formed. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned abbreviated name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.
The name of the combination drugThe composition of the active substances:
Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - tablets "Anhofen";
Unguentum "Efcamonum" - ointment "Efkamon".
SuffixBy attaching a suffix (most often -in-) to the production base, as a rule, they form the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials, and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) . The names of the corresponding plants and mushrooms are taken as producing words.
Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.
FoundationEven more rarely than suffixation, the addition of bases is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - “bile” + enzymum - “enzyme”), Apilacum (apis - “bee” + lac - “milk”).
2. General requirements and current practice of naming drugs
1. In Russia, the name of each new drug is officially approved in the form of two mutually translated equivalents in Russian and Latin, for example: solutio Glucosi - glucose solution. As a rule, the Latin names of medicinal substances are nouns of the II declension cf. R. The Russian name differs from Latin only in transcription and the absence of the ending -um, for example: Amidopyrinum - amidopyrine, Validolum - validol.
The trivial names of combined medicines, which are inconsistent appendices to the name of the dosage form, are also nouns of the II declension cf. p.: for example, tabulettae "Haemostimulinum" - tablets "Hemostimulin".
2. The name of medicines should be as short as possible; easily pronounced; have clear phonetic and graphic distinguishability. The last requirement in practice is of particular importance. Each name should be markedly different in its sound composition and graphics (spelling) from other names. After all, it is enough to remember the sound complex at least a little inaccurately and write it incorrectly in Latin letters in the recipe so that a serious error occurs.
A large number of drugs under the original brand names enter the domestic market. They are decorated spelling and grammatically most often in some national language, that is, they do not have a Latin grammatical design. Often in the names the ending -um is missing completely (German) or partially (English) or the ending -um is replaced by -e (English and French), and in some languages \u200b\u200b(Italian, Spanish. , rum.) - on-a.
At the same time, companies give their products names with the traditional Latin ending -um. In domestic prescription practice, in order to avoid discrepancies, the commercial names of imported drugs should be conditionally Latinized: substitute -um instead of the last vowel or add -um to the final consonant, for example: Mexasum instead of Mexase, Lasixum instead of Lasix (lasix), etc. .
Exceptionsvalid for names ending in -a: Dopa, No-spa, Ambravena. They can be read and considered by analogy with the nouns of I declension.
In modern commercial names the traditional scientifically approved transcription of word-formation elements (verbal segments) of Greek origin is often neglected; their graphic simplification is cultivated; to facilitate the pronunciation, ph is replaced by f, th by t, ae by e, y by i.
Studying this section of the textbook, you must be extremely careful about writing the names of medicines.
3. Frequency segments in trivial names
A huge number of abbreviations, as noted, is formed by a combination of segments arbitrarily isolated from the composition of the generating words - systematic names. However, in the nomenclature there are many such names, in the sound complexes of which are repeated frequency segments- kind pharmaceutical elements.
1. Frequency segments, very conditionally and approximately reflecting information of anatomical, physiological and therapeutic nature.
For example: Corvalolum, Cardiovaienum, Valosedan, Apressinum, Angiotensinamidum, Promedolum, Sedalgin, Antipyrinum, Anaesthesinum, Testosteronum, Agovirin, Androfort, Thyrotropinum, Cholosasum, Streptocidum, Mycoseptinum, Enteroseptolum.
2. Frequency segments that carry pharmacological information. Over the past decades, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation has been disseminated to include frequency segments in trivial names of drugs (namely substances!) That carry not random and vague characteristics, like the above segments, but stable pharmacological information. For this purpose, it is recommended to include frequency segments in the names indicating the belonging of a medicinal substance to a specific pharmacological group. To date, several dozen such frequency segments have been recommended.
For example: Sulfadimezinum, Penicillinum, Streptomycinum, Tetracyclinum, Barbamylum, Novocainum, Corticotropinum, Oestradiolum, Methandrostenolonum.
The trivial names of vitamins and multivitamin combination medicinesVitamins are known both by their trivial names and by letter designations, for example: Retinolum seu Vitaminum A (also known under another name - Axerophtholum); Cyanocobalaminum seu Vitaminum B 12; Acidum ascorbinicum seu Vitaminum C. The name of many multivitamin preparations includes the frequency segment -vit– - -vit-, for example Tabulettae Pentovitum (contains 5 vitamins), Dragee Hexavitum (contains 6 vitamins), etc.
Trivial names of enzyme preparationsOften the names indicate that the drug affects the enzyme processes of the body. This is indicated by the presence of the suffix -as– - -az-. Such names are usually Latinized as a general rule, i.e., they receive the ending -um. However, there are deviations from this rule: for example, Desoxyribonucleasum (or Desoxyribcnucleasa) - deoxyribonuclease, Collagenasum - collagenase.
Pharmaceutical Terminology- a complex consisting of sets of terms of a number of special disciplines, united under the general name "pharmacy" (Greek pharmakeia - the creation and use of drugs), which study the research, production, use of medicines of plant, mineral, animal and synthetic origin. The central place in this terminological complex is occupied by the nomenclature of drugs - an extensive collection of names of drugs and drugs that are officially approved for use. In the pharmaceutical market, tens and hundreds of thousands of medicines are used. The total number of medicines available in different countries and their combinations exceeds 250 thousand. Every year, the pharmacy network receives more and more new medicines.
In order to have an idea of \u200b\u200bhow the names of medicines are created, which affects the choice of various word formation methods and structural types of names, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with some general pharmaceutical terms at least in general terms.
1. Medicine(medicamentum) - a substance or mixture of substances authorized by an authorized body of the relevant country in the prescribed manner for use in order to treat, prevent or diagnose a disease.
2. Drug substance(materia medica) - a medicine that is an individual chemical compound or biological substance.
3. Medicinal plant material- plant materials approved for medical use.
4. Dosage form(forma medicamentorum) - a condition convenient for use when given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved.
5. Drug(praeparatum pharmaceuticum) - a medicine in the form of a specific dosage form.
6. Active substance- the component (s) of the medicinal product that has (s) a therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic effect.
7. Combined Medicines- medicines containing in one dosage form more than one active substance in fixed doses.
The table below illustrates some of these concepts.
Medications
1. Trivial names of drugs
Some chemical compounds used as medicinal substances retain the same traditional semi-systematic nameswhich they received in the chemical nomenclature (salicylic acid, sodium chloride). However, in a much larger volume in the nomenclature of medicines, chemical compounds are presented not under their scientific (systematic) names, but under trivial (lat trivialis - "mundane" ) names. Trivial names do not reflect any unified principles of scientific classification adopted by chemists, nor indicate composition or structure. In this regard, they are completely inferior to systematic names. However, the latter are unsuitable as the names of medicinal substances because of the bulkiness and complexity for use in prescriptions, on labels, in the pharmacy trade.
Trivial names are short, convenient, accessible not only for professional, but also for ordinary communication.
Examples of trivial names 
Methods of word formation of trivial names
The trivial names of medicines are derivatives of various derivational structures. As generators, a word or group of words is used, which are often the systematic names of chemical compounds or the names of the sources for their production. The main “building” material for the formation of trivial names is words, word-building elements, roots and just the so-called verbal segments of ancient Greek and Latin origin. So, for example, a preparation from spring adonis herb (Adonis vernalis) is called Adonisidum - adoniside; a substance (glycoside) obtained from some species of digitalis plants (Digitalis) is called Digoxinum - Digoxin. Name Mentholum - menthol is assigned to a substance obtained from peppermint oil (oleum Menthae).
Abbreviation
Among the various word-formation methods used to create trivial names, the most productive is the abbreviation (lat. Brevis - “short”) - reduction. This is a way to create complex words, the so-called abbreviations, by combining word segments arbitrarily isolated from the corresponding generating words or phrases. As such, systematic names of chemical compounds are often used.
Trivial name (abbreviation) producing a systematic name
With the help of abbreviations, the names of combined medicines are also formed. Instead of listing the names of all active substances contained in one dosage form, the drug is assigned abbreviated name. It is placed in quotation marks and is an appendix to the name of the dosage form.
The name of the combination drug
The composition of the active substances:
Tabulettae "Ancophenum" - tablets "Anhofen";
Unguentum "Efcamonum" - ointment "Efkamon".
Suffix
By attaching a suffix (most often -in-) to the production base, as a rule, they form the names of individual substances (for example, glycosides, alkaloids, etc.) isolated from plant materials, and biological substances - waste products of fungi, microorganisms (for example, antibiotics) . The names of the corresponding plants and mushrooms are taken as producing words.
Many names are created in a mixed, abbreviation-suffix way: Theophedrinum, Aminazinum, Sulfadimezinum, Valocordinum.
Foundation
Even more rarely than suffixation, the addition of bases is used: for example, Cholenzyraum (chole - “bile” + enzymum - “enzyme”), Apilacum (apis - “bee” + lac - “milk”).
The main methods and rules for the construction of pharmaceutical terms
1. Most Latin drug names are neuter nouns with ending –Um:Ampicillinum –I: Ampicillini . Stress in such terms is always put on the penultimate syllable. The Russian names of these drugs are transliterated names without the end –um: ampicillin.
2. Some Latin names for drugs of the second declination of the middle kind end in –ium. They correspond to Russian names in –Th form: sodium - Natrium, chloroform –Chloroformium. The genitive form of such nouns ends in –Ii: Chloroformii (the first i is the final vowel of the stem). Stress in such terms is always put on the third syllable from the end.
3. A small group of imported drugs on - a: eg, Levodopa, Methyldopaare declined in the first declination.
a. Russian names of medicines with an ending -behindare transmitted into Latin by nouns of the middle gender: glucose - Glucosum, lidase - Lydasum (but: exceptions - Asperasa, Gelatosa).
4. Trade names for medicines should be written as they are patented, often without Latin endings. However, in recipes their conditional latinization takes place - in the form of the genitive case they are written with the end –I: Magurol - Maguroli, Taktivine –Taktivini.
5. In the names medicines in the first place is the dosage form: solutĭo, unguentum, tinctūra etc.
In second place is the name of the drug in the genitive case with a capital letter: Solutĭo Lidocaīni - lidocaine solution, Unguentum Tetracyclīni - ointmenttetracycline(Latin nouns-names of medicinal substances in the genitive case can be translated into Russian as an adjective).
6. Adjectives in pharmaceutical terms are written at the end of the term: Solutĭo Hexoestrōlioleōsa - hexestrolamoil solution(however after dosage forms membranulae - films, mixtura - medicine, spongia - sponge, suppositorium - candleadjectives are written immediately after the name of the dosage form, for example: Suppositorium rectale “Anusolum”).
7. In the names of tinctures, infusions, extracts and decoctions between the designations of dosage forms and the name of the plant are indicated in the genitive case of part of the plants (leaf, root, herb, etc.): Infūsum foliōrum Digitālis - digitalis leaf infusion(Latin nouns-names of medicinal plants in the genitive case can be translated into Russian by the adjective - Oleum Eucalypti - eucalyptus oil).
8. Complex medicinesnot to list components are often assigned commercial names. When they are prescribed, the dosage form is indicated first, and then the commercial name in the nominative case in quotation marks: Suppositorĭa "Anaesthesōlum" - candles "Anestezol".
Plants also got their names in honor of the scientists who first discovered and described them. Consider the characteristic features described above with specific examples. Helleborus caucasicus - Caucasian hellebore - grows in the humid mountain forests of the Caucasus as examples of plants whose Latin names reflect their habitat. Sophora japonica is a Japanese sophora, whose homeland is China and Japan. Periploca graeca - the Greek obvoik - prevails on the Balkan Peninsula, on which the Greek Republic is located. The ecological trait is reflected in the name of the mountain arnica (Arnica montana), which grows in mountain meadows. The growing conditions of the plant were also reflected in the name of the marsh cinnamon (Gnaphalium uliginosum) - found on the swampy banks of rivers and lakes. The name of the plant Helichrysum arenarium also tells us about the conditions in which it grows - Helichrysum prefers dry sandy soils. The morphological character includes the structural features of the plant, the characteristic features of the external structure. According to this criterion, Cassia acutifolia - Cassia acutifolia (from the Latin “acute” - acute, “folia” - leaf) got its name, the leaf of which has a pointed tip. Hypericum perforatum (Hypericum perforatum) also got its name for the peculiarity of its external structure - numerous small dark and light glands are located on its leaves, which makes it seem that the leaves are perforated (from the Latin “perforatum” - perforated, that is, it has numerous holes). The name of licorice lichen - Glycyrrhiza glabra indicates the absence of pubescence of the stem of the plant (from the Latin "glabra" - naked). The specific name Glycyrrhiza tells us that the plant has a sweet root (from the Greek “glycys” - sweet, “riza” - root), which is caused by the high content of glucose in it. Licorice root is used in medicine as an expectorant and anti-inflammatory agent. The fruits of bitter almonds (Amygdalus amara) contain hydrogen cyanide, which gives them a bitter taste and toxicity. Plants have different aromas, in connection with this the fragrant bison (Hierochloё odorata) got its name. The plant contains coumarin glycoside, which gives the bison grass the smell of freshly cut hay. The smelly cornflower (Thalictrum foetidum) owes its name to glandular pubescence, the discharge of which gives the plant a peculiar smell. The plants get their names due to the color of the corollas: cyanosis blue - Polemonium coeruleum, yellow gentian - Gentiana lutea. Names to plants were given for their resemblance to any object, or even a plant. For example, horsetail conifer (Ephedra equisetina) is a shrub whose stems resemble horsetail stems. Sunflower, the Latin scientific name of the genus (Latin helianthus - sunny flower), comes from the Greek words helius ("sun") and anthemon ("flower"). The Russian name arose due to the fact that its inflorescences always turn towards the sun, which is more pronounced than that of other plants (the so-called heliotropism is the rotation of open and facing the sun inflorescences after its movement across the horizon, as a special case of phototropism). The therapeutic effect of medicinal plants is reflected in the specific name of cardiac motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca), preparations of which are used to treat and prevent diseases of the cardiovascular system. Also, the therapeutic effect of the plant is found in the name Mari anthelmintic (Chenopodium anthelminthicum). An anthelmintic mary serves as a raw material for the production of essential henopodium oil used in scientific medicine as an anthelmintic in pinworms and roundworms. Some plants in their species name reflected the names of scientists who first discovered and described these plants. For example, the cheerice Lobel (Veratrum lobelianum) was given the name by the French botanist Charles Plumier in honor of the Flemish botanist Matthias de L'Obel, who in his book Plantarum seu stirpium historia (Antwerp, 1576, in folio, with an index in seven languages) depicted 2191 plant . The snowdrop of Voronov (Galánthus wóronowii) is named after the Russian botanist Yuri Nikolaevich Voronov, who made a significant contribution to the systematization of flowering plants in the Caucasus region. Depending on the periods of life or flowering, plants also get their names. Such plants include annual pepper (Capsicum annuum), summer wheat (Triticum aestivum), spring primrose (Prímula véris) and many other plants. Let us consider in more detail the Latin names of plants that reflect the toxicity property. In pharmacy, in the manufacture of medicines, medicinal plant materials are widely used. Among the plants from which raw materials are obtained, there are poisonous ones. Poisonous plants contain toxic substances. Toxicity is the ability of a substance that enters a living organism to cause damage to an organ or death of an organism. The toxic properties of plants are reflected in their names. Knowing the etymology of the name of the plant, we can draw conclusions about whether this plant belongs to the group of poisonous. This is very important in pharmaceutical activities, since it is necessary to use poisonous medicinal plants with the observance of strict precautions. Consider some examples of plants whose names indicate the presence of toxic properties. Atropa belladonna (atropos - “irrevocable”, “inevitable”) - belladonna ordinary. Carl Linnaeus gave the name to the family after the Greek goddess of fate of Anthropos, which personified the inevitability of death. The specific name “belladonna” (belladonna) comes from the Italian words “bella” and “donna”, which in translation into Russian means “beautiful woman”. In the old days, Italian ladies dripped belladonna juice in their eyes so that the pupils dilate and the eyes acquire a special shine. The main alkaloid of the plant is atropine, it has a psychotropic and anticholinolytic effect. The following symptoms may indicate signs of atropine poisoning: dry mouth and throat, speech and swallowing disorder, diplopia (visual impairment consisting of doubling of visible objects), photophobia, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, headache, dilated pupils that do not respond to light. Atropine sulfate, belladonna extracts and tinctures are used in medicine as antispasmodic and painkillers for gastric ulcer, gallstone disease, bradycardia. Aconitum soorgoricum (akon - "throwing spear" or konion - "kill") - akonit Dzungarian (wrestler Dzungarian). The plant was used by many peoples as a lubricant for arrows when hunting animals. The poisonous properties of aconite have been known since antiquity. In one of his poems, Ovid told me that Medea wanted to poison Theseus with aconite juice. According to ancient Greek myth, aconite grew from the poisonous saliva of the infernal dog Cerberus, which Hercules brought from the underworld to the earth (the eleventh feat of Hercules). The name “wrestler” came from Scandinavian mythology: the wrestler grew up on the site of the death of the god Thor, who defeated the poisonous snake. On the last day before the end of the world (Ragnarok), Thor fights the world serpent Jörmungand, the creature of Loki. The thunderbolt demolished the ugly head of the monster and, departing from it by only nine steps, drowned in a stream of poison burping from the open mouth of a dead creature. The hammer of Thor was raised by his son, Magni, who continued the struggle for his father. The Germans called aconite the helmet of the god Thor and the wolf root (Thor, as the myth says, fought the wolf with the help of aconite). It is believed that it was from here that our Russian name aconite came from - wrestler, wolf-breaker. There is another name for the wrestler - “king of grass”. This name was given to this plant for its strong toxicity. In some countries, possession of aconite was punishable by death. The entire plant - from roots to pollen - is extremely toxic. Plutarch writes that the poisoned aconite warriors of Mark Anthony lost their memory, and they vomited bile. According to legend, it was from aconite that the famous Khan Timur died - his skullcap was saturated with poisonous juice. In medicine, root tubers and fresh grass are used as an irritating and distracting agent. Veratrum lobelianum (verare - “tell the truth”) - Lobel’s hello. Powder from hellebore roots has an irritating effect: getting on the mucous membranes causes sneezing (there is a sign that a person sneezes if he tells the truth). The roots of hellebore contain alkaloid protoveratrin, which is able to suppress the central nervous system. Lobel’s hellebore is able to lower blood pressure and increase heart rate. Strychnos nux vomica (strephein - “turn over”, “twist”.) - chilibuha (vomit nut). Chilibuha is named so because when it is poisoned, convulsions twist a person so that death can occur during the first attack. This effect is manifested due to the content of extremely toxic alkaloid strychnine in the plant. Strychnine excites the central nervous system and primarily increases reflex excitability. At high doses of strychnine, various irritants cause severe painful tetanic seizures. Chilibuha preparations are used as a tonic with a general decrease in metabolic processes, with rapid fatigue. Narcissus poeticus is a poetic narcissus. This plant received its generic name from the Greek verb "narkao" - to intoxicate, stun. The aroma of a large number of daffodils can cause a headache. In the examples we examined, the generic name of the plant indicates the presence of toxic properties. It reveals the effect that manifests itself in case of poisoning with substances contained in the plant. Also, the generic name may indicate an object on which the poisoning effect of the plant was first noticed. For example, Dioscorides noticed that pigs, when eating black whiten (Hyoscyamus niger (hyos - pig, cyamus - bean), convulsed and died. In Russian, the toxic effect of plants is usually reflected in popular names: bluebells of death (digitalis large-flowered); sleepy foolishness, mad cherry (belladonna ordinary); arsenic, drunk grass (thermopsis lanceolate, causes dizziness); mad grass (bleached), marsh foolishness (Ledum marsh), etc. e. Thus, we studied the etymology of the names of medicinal plants, examined the classification of plants, depending on the characteristic features reflected in the scientific names of plants; defined the concept of “toxicity”; drew attention to the fact that it is important for the pharmacist to know the etymology of the names of poisonous medicinal plants; considered examples of some Latin and Russian folk names of plants, which reflect the functional property of "toxicity".
S.Zh. Asfendiyarov atyndagy ҚазаҚ Ұлттық Medicine University
Taқyryby: Names of medicinal plants and medicinal
pharmaceutical terminology
Minimum vocabulary.
Vitebsk
VSMU Publishing House
L.P. Semenyuk, N.G. Mereshchak,
G.Z. Alekseeva, N.A. Volnova, I.A. Pupa
LATIN PHARMACEUTICAL TERMINOLOGY
Minimum vocabulary.
Methodical manual for students
1 course of the Faculty of Medicine
(Edition II, revised and revised)
UDC 615.1-030.8
BBK 81.461r30
Recipients:
The manual “Latin pharmaceutical terminology” is written in accordance with the standard curriculum in the Latin language and the basics of medical terminology for students of medical schools.
The issues of pharmaceutical vocabulary are considered.
Designed for domestic and foreign first-year students of the Faculty of Medicine.
The second edition, revised and supplemented.
The allowance consists of 12 lessons and is designed for 24 hours.
Approved and recommended for publication by the Central Educational, Scientific and Methodological Council of Continuing Medical and Pharmaceutical Education of Vitebsk State Medical University of September 22, 2003, protocol No. 6.
UDC 615.1-030.8
BBK 81.461r30
C 30 © L.P. Semenyuk, N.G. Mereshchak, G.Z. Alekseeva,
N.A. Volnova, I.A. Pupa.
© Publishing house of Vitebsk state
medical University, 2003
| FOREWORD | … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … | |
| Lesson number 21 | Verb. Definition of the stem and conjugations of the verb. Vocabulary form of the verb. The formation of the imperative. Conjunctive forms in the recipe. | |
| Lesson number 22 | The cases of Accusativus et Ablativus in the Latin declension system. Latin prepositions and their control. | |
| Lesson number 23 | Recipe structure. Grammar relations in the latin part of the recipe. | |
| Lesson number 24 | Chemical nomenclature in Latin (names chemical elements, the formation of the names of acids, oxides, salts, esters). Greek numerals in the role of word-forming elements. | |
| Lesson number 25 | Names of drugs. Greek and Latin frequency segments in the names of medicinal substances. | |
| Lesson number 26 | The main dosage forms. The grammatical features of the design of the Latin parts of the recipe for powders. Latin numerals. Methods of expressing the dose of drugs in recipes. | |
| Lesson number 27 | The grammatical features of the design of the Latin parts of the recipe for the prescription of tablets, dragees, fees. | |
| Lesson number 28 | The grammatical features of the design of the Latin parts of the recipe for prescription solutions and injections. Term use liquor, oris m. Ways to express sterility in the prescription of solutions for injection. | |
| Lesson number 29 | The grammatical features of the design of the Latin parts of the recipe for the recipe for tinctures, liquid extracts, infusions, decoctions, emulsions, suspensions, mucus, potions. | |
| Lesson number 30 | Features of the design of the Latin parts of the prescription for the prescription of soft dosage forms (ointments, pastes, liniments, medicinal candles, aerosols, gels). | |
| Lesson number 31 | Test preparation | |
| Lesson number 32 | Final control work | |
| Tasks for the mandatory implementation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... | ||
| application |
FOREWORD
This manual, intended for domestic and foreign first-year students of the Faculty of Medicine, prepared by Art. teacher Semenyuk L.P.
Latin paves the way for knowledge of medical terminology. Latin and Greek are basic to medicine. Cycle training (anatomical, histological, clinical and pharmaceutical terminology) contributes to the systematization of students' knowledge in various fields of medicine and makes it possible to distinguish its individual parts.
The methodological manuals for the study of medical and pharmaceutical vocabulary developed by the department are effective help to both domestic and foreign students.
This manual contains the vocabulary of 10 practical classes in which, in addition to the studied parts of speech (noun and adjective), verbs and verb forms, as well as Latin and Greek numerals and other parts of speech used in pharmaceutical names, are offered.
When studying the cycle “Pharmaceutical terminology with the basics of prescription”, students get acquainted with the concepts that are included in the pharmaceutical terminology: names of medicines of plant, animal and chemical origin; dosage forms; medications and etc.
In the process of studying this material, students need to perform translation exercises (translation from / into Latin), as well as exercises of a creative nature - self-registration of prescriptions for the most important dosage forms: tablets, solutions, galenic preparations, etc.
Latin Pharmaceutical Terminology will provide indispensable support in mastering the practical skills of writing prescriptions and writing them yourself.
The appendix contains Latin proverbs and winged expressions.
Translation of terms into foreign languages \u200b\u200bwas carried out: Art. teacher Alekseeva G.Z. (English); Art. teacher Volnova N.A. (French); Art. teacher Pupa I.A. (German); graduate of VSMU Shumari Khaled (Arabic language - under the supervision of senior lecturer N. Mereshchak), art. Laboratory Assistant Krivets T.V. (Spanish language - under the guidance of senior teacher Mereshchak N.G.).
General editors Mereshchak N.G.
We are sincerely grateful to I. Garnovskaya, A. V. Rogov, software engineer, and D. A. Rozhdestvensky, teachers of pharmacology. and Sadikova V.K., graduate of the university Kasyanov E.F., pharmacist of the pharmacy No. 56 Yazenku I.V. for the help provided.
Ayman Zaaruru and Massoud Mohamed are very grateful for the software and computer layout of the Arab part.
We also thank the students Khalil Abdul Michaela, Ata Samir Ahmed Said, Muhamad Hashem, Shkeir Bilyal and all who contributed to the publication of this manual. We are grateful to accept all comments and suggestions.
LESSON № 21
Verb. Definition of the stem and conjugations of the verb. Vocabulary form of the verb. The formation of the imperative. Conjunctive forms in the recipe.
| Latine | In Russian | عربي |
| 1. addo, ĕre | 1. add | 1. يضيف الى |
| 2. adhibeo, ēre | 2. consume | 2. اسخدام |
| 3. audio, ire | 3. listen | 3. سمع الى |
| 4. curo, are | 4. treat | 4. عالج .داوى |
| 5. Dibazolum, i n | 5. dibazole | 5. د يبازول |
| 6. do, dare | 6. give | 6. اعطى. ناول |
| 7. dosis, is f | 7. dose | 7. جرعة |
| 8. emulsum, i n | 8. emulsion | 8. مستحلب |
| 9. extractum, i n | 9. extract | 9. مستخلص. مسخرج .عصارة |
| 10. finio, ire | 10. finish | 10. اتم . انهى |
| 11. fio, fiĕri | 11. get | 11. حصل على |
| 12. linimentum, i n | 12. liniment | 12. مروخ (مرهم سائل) |
| 13. misceo, ēre | 13. mix | 13. خلط |
| 14. Novocainum, i n | 14. novocaine | 14. نوفاكين |
| 15. oleum, i n | 15. oil | 15. زيت |
| 16. oleum (i) Ricini | 16. castor oil | 16. زيت خروع |
| 17. Papaverinum, i n | 17. papaverine | 17. بابا فرين |
| 18. pasta, ae f | 18. pasta | 18. معجون |
| 19. pulvis, ĕris m | 19. powder | 19. مسحوق |
| 20. recipio, ĕre | 20. take | 20. اخذ |
| 21. repeto, ĕre | 21. repeat | 21. اعاد |
| 22. signo, are | 22. designate | 22. وضع علامة |
| 23. solutio, ōnis f | 23. solution | 23. محلول |
| 24. species, erum f (Pl) | 24. picking herbs | 24. خليط من مواد نباتية مختلفة |
| 25. steriliso, are | 25. sterilize | 25.تعقيم |
| 26. suppositorium, i n | 26. lek. candle | 26. تحميلة |
| 27. talis, e | 27. such | 27. نفسه. مثل |
| 28. unguentum, i n | 28. ointment | 28. مرهم |
| 29. verto, ĕre | 29. flip | 29. قلب .عكس |
