The harmful effect of drugs on human health is a very serious pollution of the body. Mortality from the side effects of drugs that have passed all clinical trials, ranks 5th in the world after cardiovascular, oncology, injuries, bronchopulmonary.
Excessive enthusiasm for synthetics has led doctors to stop using natural products. Education is to blame - universities do not teach this.
Synthetic preparations - chemical tablets are perceived by our body as foreign substances. Doctors know that there are systems in the body that recognize synthetics and remove them from the body.
The use of chemical drugs is shown as an emergency treatment. And when prevention, restoration of the body, removal of the side effect of drugs are needed, natural preparations are needed.
All organs and systems of our body are programmed by nature to use natural rather than synthetic drugs.
The population is aging, and with age it uses more and more chemical drugs. Now we are talking about drug aggression. If, starting from 30-40 years old, people began to use natural remedies for preventive purposes, then at a more mature age less drugs would be required.
In all civilized countries, people live 25-30 years longer than us. They actively use natural compounds, herbs and dietary supplements. Whether they do it right or not, the average life span clearly indicates this.
Doctors are firmly convinced that prescribing a medicine does not need to think about supporting the body with vitamins and minerals. No doctor will ask, but do you get enough vitamins C, B, E?
Medicines are prescribed on the form. But you must remember that the assimilation of the drug in the body is possible only with micronutrients. The doctor does not even know in advance how the drug will act, since it has no idea about the supply of nutrients to the body.
The doctor works according to the scheme - try this, and then this. But this is not a carrot or an apple, but a toxic chemical drug. You can try so that to play in the box.
All clinical trials of drugs are performed under ideal conditions. The animals on which they are tested receive a diet in which, by the standard, there are all the necessary nutrients. And then these drugs are prescribed to people who do not have these necessary micronutrients in the body.
One of the side effects of drugs is their peroxide effect (free radicals are formed - the cause of oncology). Therefore, along with taking medications, antioxidants must be prescribed! So cardiac drugs (calcium channel blockers, beta blockers) enhance peroxidation processes in the heart muscle. This side effect can be reduced by using antioxidants. Manufacturers are silent about this. But the doctor must know!
Over the past few years, the amount used by people medicines increased significantly. Some of them are available for use in several forms, as well as combinations, which makes it possible to conclude that there are up to several tens of thousands of medicines.
The world of drugs is quite complicated, especially for those people who have nothing to do with pharmaceutical activities. The activity of some drugs is aimed exclusively at certain links in any of several body systems. For example, drugs that are responsible for reducing the amount of cholesterol in the human body work, for example, on this principle.
Varieties of the therapeutic effect of drugs
The therapeutic effect of drugs can be of two varieties - direct and indirect. For example, diuretic drugs reduce swelling by blocking the absorption of water and sodium. Cough medications are responsible for inhibiting the process of excitation of the cough center in the brain. The effect of antibiotics is detrimental to microorganisms.
Once in the human body, a drug must pass a number of barriers. Initially, it is absorbed into the intestine, after which it enters the bloodstream, from where the drug gradually begins to move to the liver. Where subsequently, the drug gradually begins to decompose.
What determines the effectiveness of a drug?
It is generally mistakenly believed that the amount of the drug directly affects the effect of the drug. In fact, what the effect will be is directly affected by the active principle in the drug. For example, the same medicine in different tablets may contain an unequal amount of this onset. As a rule, only a doctor can determine exactly what pills and in what quantity the patient needs to take in order to improve their health condition.
The withdrawal of drugs from the body
Chemical drugs are substances that are foreign to the body, from which he, as a rule, wants to get rid of in the very near future. Some of the drugs are destroyed in the liver. Others are eliminated from the body in its unchanged form - in that in which they entered it. The processes of drug withdrawal from the body can proceed at different speeds. As for the concentration of the drug in the blood, in some cases it can remain high, in others, on the contrary, it can fall off very quickly.
The main condition - the adoption of any medications - they must be prescribed by a specialist. The patient should try as accurately as possible to fulfill all the requirements for the time of their administration, quantity and dose. It is important to streamline your lifestyle. You should learn to alternate between rest and work so as not to overwork much. Also, the patient will have to abandon bad habits associated with smoking and drinking a large amount of alcohol.
And of course, I would like to recall that self-medication can not only not solve the health problem, but also exacerbate it. Therefore, do not risk it, especially the health of your children.
The purpose of the lesson: Didactic: - the study of the concept of "drugs" and the history of their creation; - give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe classification of drugs and their forms; - identify the dependence of the human body on drugs. Developing: - development of the ability to establish causal relationships between the structure and properties of substances and the vital activity of the body; - find out the effect of various drugs on living organisms and the environment. Educational: - show the practical significance of drugs; - show the results of the work of medical chemistry as a science.
The objectives of the lesson: to acquaint students with the scientific and practical achievements of medical chemistry and pharmacology; introduce students to the problems of humanity that have arisen as a result of uncontrolled production and use of drugs.
The history of the creation of medicines: Hippocrates Claudius ((460 - 377 BC) Galen (129 - 201) Described more than 200 medicinal plants and methods of their use. He is the founder of medicine. He first called on doctors to treat not a disease, and a sick person. He is the founder of "pharmacy science" - pharmacology. He widely used various extracts from medicinal plants, infusing them with water, alcohol, vinegar. In modern medicine, tinctures and extracts are called "galenic preparations."
The history of the creation of medicines: Abu Ali Hussein ibn-Abdallah-ibn Sina - Avicenna (980 - 1037) Central Asian physician of the Middle Ages. He described a large number of herbal and mineral drugs and methods for their preparation. His main work is called “The Canon of Medicine”.
History of the creation of drugs: They are the creators of drugs - vaccines (for example, against smallpox, polio, measles, hepatitis and other diseases). A vaccine - (from the Greek. "Vaccina" - cow) is a liquid that contains weakened microbes and their poisons. Louis Pasteur (French scientist) Eduard Jenner (English physician) - vaccinated smallpox to 8-year-old boy James Fips
Dosage forms: Liquid Solid Soft 1. Solutions 2. Infusions 3. Decoctions 4. Tinctures 5. Extracts 6. Potions 7. Emulsions 8. Suspensions 1. Powders 2. Granules 3. Tablets 4. Dragees 5. Pills 6. Capsules 7. Mixtures of vegetable raw materials 1. Ointments 2. Liniment (liquid ointments) 3. Pastes 4. Suppositories 5. Sterile powders and tablets, dissolved immediately before administration
Antibiotics With Greek. “Anti” is not, “bios” is life. These are drugs that are used to suppress the activity of microorganisms in the human body for a year - A. Fleming discovered penicillin (Penicillum group of antibiotics). More than 6,000 types of antibiotics are known, of which about 100 are actively used in medical practice.
Antibiotic action: Bactericidal (destruction of microorganisms) Bacteriostatic (growth and reproduction retardation of microorganisms) 1. Penicillins 2. Cephalosporins 3. Polymyxins 4. Neomycin 5. Streptomycin 6. Nystatin 7. Amphotericin B 1. Tetracycline 2. Levomycetin 3. Erythromycin 4. Oleand
The effect of antibiotics on the human body: "+" - inhibit the action of pathogens. "-" - cause allergic reactions and getting used to them; - toxic effect on tissues and organs; - dysbiosis, thrush, yeast stomatitis. Attention!!! For young children, the antibiotic gentomycin is absolutely contraindicated! It causes a sharp decrease in hearing.
Analgesics: From Greek. "Analges" is anesthetized. These drugs acting on the central nervous system, eliminate pain in the human body. Analgesics are divided into groups: painkillers and antipyretics painkillers and anti-inflammatory painkillers and narcotic drugs
Examples of analgesics: Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent "+" - helps with colds, fever and headache; in small doses for the prevention of heart attack and stroke. “-” - stomach ulcer and internal bleeding; - lowers blood coagulation (dangerous during operations); - hearing impairment; - penetration of aspirin asthma; - allergic reactions synthesized by Charles Frederick Gerhardt in 1853; synthesized by Charles Frederick Gerhardt in 1853 Attention !!! It is dangerous to consume aspirin with alcohol.
Examples of analgesics: "+" - similar to the action of aspirin, but does not cause blood thinning; less likely to cause allergies and less irritating to the stomach “-” - in combination with alcohol damages and destroys liver cells; - inhibits the activity of the digestive tract Attention !!! No more than 2 g of paracetamol (4 tablets of 500 mg each) should be consumed per day.
Examples of analgesics: “+” is a cheap pain medication “-” - violation of liver cells; - addictive (analgin addiction - 4-5 tablets per day); - destroys white blood cells - red blood cells, causing blood cancer; - irritating the gastrointestinal tract; - causes acute renal failure (in 10% of patients) Attention !!! Analgin is a prohibited drug in many countries of the world, but in Russia it is still approved and dispensed without a doctor’s prescription. Synthesized by Ludwig Knorr (Hoechst) in 1920; Ludwig Knorr Hoechst in 1920
Narcotic analgesics: These drugs weaken and remove the feeling of pain, and cause a pleasant feeling called euphoria (from the Greek. “Eu” - good, “phero” - to bring). -Man has no unpleasant sensations and experiences, pain, malaise, fears, anxieties, hunger and thirst; sensitivity is lost and loss of consciousness occurs. In 1806, an alkoloid, morphine, was synthesized. It has analgesic and narcotic effects (forms a drug dependence). It is used in operations. Humphry davy
Antihistamines: “+” Antihistamines are prescribed for people who suffer from hay fever (hay fever), asthma, urticaria, dermatitis, allergies. These drugs relieve runny nose, sore throat, coughing and suffocation attacks, severe itching. "-" - cause drowsiness; - causes inhibition of reactions and general weakness of the body. Attention!!! Sedatives are best taken in the afternoon and at night.
Remedies for the common cold: Examples: sanorin, naphthyzin, galazolin, otrivin, etc. “+” - with a cold, the common cold is weakened or stopped, breathing through the nose is restored, the headache quickly passes “-” - narrowing of blood vessels can lead to hypertension; - addictive to the drug. Attention!!! The course of treatment is not more than 5 days. It can not be taken with antidepressants (pyrazidol, pyrendol, nialamide, novopassit, etc.)
Complex preparations for the common cold: Examples: citramon, sedalgin, alka - seltzer, bicarmint, pentaflucin, teraflu, coldrex, maxicold, etc. “+” help to get rid of several symptoms of the disease: cough, runny nose, pain, fever, allergies. “-” - in case of overdose exacerbate gastric ulcer and stomach bleeding; - violate the function of the liver; - when used with antihistamines - increase drowsiness. Attention!!! Take only as directed by your doctor.
Effect of Citramon: Citramon should be drunk extremely rarely! The drug is not prescribed as an analgesic for people under 18 years old, as an antipyretic agent for children under 15 years old with acute diseases caused by viral infections, because of the danger of developing Reye's syndrome !!! (this is acute live liver dystrophy with acute development of liver failure ) The drug should not be taken for more than 3 days in a row, because may be side effects - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, damage to the gastrointestinal tract, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, skin rash! You can not take pregnant and lactating women!
Conclusion: The proper use of drugs: drug treatment should be prescribed only by a specialist doctor according to the patient's disease; Do not self-medicate; take the drug strictly according to the instructions and according to the age of the patient; when taking certain medications, certain foods cannot be eaten, while taking others, it is necessary to increase the amount of drink; Do not use the drug after the expiration date; you need to store medicines in places inaccessible to children.
The effect of drugs on the human body - page №1 / 3
INFLUENCE OF MEDICINES ON THE HUMAN BODY.
INTRODUCTION
Usually, taking a medicine, we don’t think too much about its further fate in the body. This is clear. The result is important to us, not the understanding of what happens inside us when the medicine gets there. But before bringing relief, the medicine must make a real journey in order to be in the right place, at the right time, and not even lose its weapon. This path can be long or short, but it is always difficult, and at each step of the “little doctor”, traps, barriers and whirlpools of biochemical transformations await in advance. Let us mentally try to follow every step of this "brave traveler."
The science that studies the interaction of drugs and living organisms is called pharmacology, and it is part of an extensive complex of medical sciences. The origin of the word "pharmacology" is Greek: from "pharmacon" - medicine and "logos" - science. But even in the dictionary of the ancient Egyptians one can find the definition of "pharmacies", which in translation sounds like "granting healing."
1. MEDICINES AND THE ACTION OF THE ORGANISM ON IT
Medicine - this is a substance that treats, brings relief in case of illness or contributes to recovery. According to this definition, a good conversation and attention from people close to or unfamiliar to us can become a medicine. But for pharmacology, the cure is a substance that, getting into a living organism, causes a change in biological functions due to chemical or physico-chemical interaction.
The medicine can be solid, liquid or gaseous, have a small or large size of the molecules, and also have a number of other physical, physico-chemical and chemical properties, each of which is reflected in its biological effect. A medicine can be an analogue of natural substances or synthesized in our body (for example, an alkaloid or hormone) or can be a substance that does not have such analogues. Poisons are often also medicines (remember “bee venom” or “snake venom”), at the same time, any safe medicine can become poison - it all depends on the dose.
Herbal treatment, nowadays fashionable, or herbal medicine, is by no means as harmless as its followers declare, calling for abandoning “chemical drugs” in favor of “natural” ones. Self-medication is harmful in any case, but with the "amateur" use of medicinal herbs, one should also take into account the fact that neither the preparation of the medicinal product, nor the accuracy of its dosage (all that we, by the way, are guaranteed when taking the "classical" form of medication - tablets , capsules and others) are often simply unattainable, and this leads to serious consequences. For example, improperly prepared decoction from senna grass can lead to sharp pains and abdominal cramps (especially if you remember that they are preparing it for those suffering from constipation).
To make the medicine easier to take and act in the right way, they give it a certain look. In this case, various additives are used to obtain and maintain their shape, change unpleasant taste, lengthen (prolong) the effect of the drug, and so on. Thus created tablets, capsules, solutions, suppositories, ointments, plasters are called dosage form. There are a great many dosage forms. They are conventionally divided into four groups: solid, liquid, soft and gaseous. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, granules, dragees, briquettes and the like. This group also includes all kinds of fees made up of several types of medicinal plant materials. Liquid forms - various solutions, suspensions, syrups, drops, emulsions, tinctures, extracts. Soft - ointments, creams, gels, liniments, pastes, candles, plasters; gaseous - means for inhalation anesthesia, aerosols and so on. For reference, Appendix 1 lists all currently applicable dosage forms.
Over the past 10-20 years, the science of drugs and their production have stepped far forward. New effective dosage forms have been created that can reduce the frequency of doses, ensure uniform and prolonged release of active substances, and reduce the likelihood of side effects. The use of such forms facilitates the use of drugs and gives a more tangible result in treatment.
When buying a drug, be sure to pay attention to its packaging. Recently, cases of detection of fakes among the most popular drugs have become more frequent (moreover, in some cases it is rather difficult to distinguish a fake from the original). Pharmaceutical companies, manufacturers of drugs whose drugs are most often counterfeited, take measures to prevent fraud. They turn to informational publications, both specialized and popular, with warning publications. Representatives of these companies visit doctors and pharmacy workers, informing them of possible fakes, explain how to distinguish genuine from falsified drugs. Manufacturers are constantly improving packaging, introducing additional degrees of protection: holograms, volume printing, specific fonts and so on. Each batch of the drug has a "Certificate of Conformity", which at your request should be provided by a pharmacy worker.
The packaging of a medicine can be of 2 types: internal (primary) and external (secondary). A medicine can have both types of packaging, or one. Primary packaging is in direct contact with the drug. For example, tablets can be packaged in blisters or jars, drops or solutions in ampoules or bottles, ointments and creams in jars or tubes, and so on. To prevent damage or for another reason, the primary packaging can also be packed, for example, in a box. This will be the secondary packaging.
As an example of design, the packaging of the drug "Curiosin" ( picture 1).
Reversal of secondary packaging
Picture 1. Labeling and design of medicines
1. The primary and secondary packaging should be clearly legible in Russian and must indicate:
The name of the drug and the name of the active substance (if the drug contains 1 component);
Name of the company - manufacturer;
Batch number and production date;
The method of use of the drug;
Dosage and number of doses per pack;
Shelf life;
Storage conditions for the drug;
Vacation conditions in pharmacies (the drug is issued on prescription or without);
Precautions to be observed when using this medication.
2. Medicines should be on sale only with instructions for use containing the following data in Russian:
Name and legal address of the manufacturer;
The name of the drug, the name of the active substance (if the drug contains 1 component);
Information about the components that make up the medicine, their dosages, packaging;
Information on the pharmacological action of the active substance;
Indications for use, as well as contraindications;
Possible side effects the drug;
Possible interactions with other drugs;
Method of administration of the drug;
Shelf life and storage conditions;
An indication that the drug should be stored in places not accessible to children;
Vacation conditions (the drug is given on prescription or without it).
3. Additionally, the following data may be placed on the package:
The logo of the manufacturer;
The country of manufacture;
The name of the drug and active substance in English (or Latin); a sign of originality may be placed next to the name, indicating that it is a trademark of this manufacturer and cannot be used by another manufacturer;
Barcode.
Since the effect of the drug on the body is not one-sided, and the body also acts on the drug, we use the word "interaction". In pharmacology, the effect of an organism on a drug is denoted by the term pharmacokinetics, and drugs on the body - pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics describes the processes on which the concentration of the drug in the body depends: absorption, distribution, biotransformation (transformation) and excretion.
Imagine that we have a drug that will help get rid of pain. We only need to deliver it to the bloodstream. Indeed, in order for the medicine to give a healing effect, it must first enter the bloodstream. Only after this, having overcome a number of internal barriers, it will be able to reach the target, contact the target cells, cause the necessary changes in the functioning of tissues, organs and systems (which is a manifestation of its biological effect) and, finally, undergoing transformations (biotransformation), or leave the body unchanged.
In what ways can a medicine enter the bloodstream? It is customary to distinguish between two fundamentally different methods: through the gastrointestinal tract ( enteral) and bypassing the gastrointestinal tract ( parenteral) Enteral routes of administration: through the mouth (this is called the oral route), under the tongue (sublingually) and through the rectum (rectally). Parenteral - on the skin and mucous membranes (for example, vaginally, that is, on the mucous membrane of the vagina), injections, inhalations. The choice of route of administration depends on many reasons and in each case is determined by the doctor.
The most convenient and natural route of administration for the patient - through the mouth - is also the most difficult for the medicine, since it must overcome the two most active internal barriers - the intestines and liver, where most substances undergo transformations.
With the help of a needle, the medicine can be delivered anywhere in the body, while dosing accuracy and the speed of the onset of the effect are ensured. But this is a more time-consuming method, requiring sterility and the presence of medical personnel. And the injection itself is not so convenient and painless for the patient as swallowing a pill.
The rectal route of administration is used, for example, in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or when the patient is in an unconscious state. The advantage of this method is that about a third of the drug enters the general bloodstream, bypassing the liver.
Inhalations are used to directly affect the bronchi or to obtain a quick and strong effect, since the absorption of drugs in the lungs is very intense.
Often, in order to get a local effect, the medicine is applied externally in the form of drops in the nose, eyes and ears, lotions and the like.
As you can see, there are various routes of drug administration: by mouth, in the form of injections, rectally, externally; and often one drug has different dosage forms. Such diversity is not a whim of drug developers, but a necessity. As a rule, drugs are substances foreign to the body, and he tries in every way to neutralize them and bring them out. At every step, drugs are exposed to effects that can make them useless and even harmful. After all, it is not often possible to deliver the drug directly to the lesion, as, for example, we do this by applying ointment to an inflamed area of \u200b\u200bthe skin, or by digging a solution into a sore eye. Typically, the pathway to the drug in the body is not simple and abounds with barriers and obstacles. Let us consider in more detail everything that happens with the medicine along the way.
1.1. Drug absorption
The injected medicine passes from the injection site into the bloodstream, which carries it throughout the body and delivers it to various tissues of organs and systems. This process is denoted by the term absorption (absorption). The speed and completeness of absorption characterize the bioavailability of the drug, determine the time of onset of action and its strength. Naturally, with intravenous and intraarterial administration, the drug substance is “absorbed” immediately and completely, and its bioavailability is 100%.
When absorbed, the medicine must pass through the cell membranes of the skin, mucous membranes, capillary walls, cellular and subcellular structures. Depending on the properties of the drug and the barriers through which it penetrates, as well as the route of administration, all absorption mechanisms can be divided into four main types: diffusion (penetration of molecules due to thermal motion), filtration(passage of molecules through pores under pressure), active transport (energy transfer) and pinocytosis (capture of macromolecular compounds by a cell), in which the drug molecule is as if pressed through the membrane membrane ( figure 2) The same mechanisms of transport through membranes are used both in the distribution of drugs in the body and in their elimination. Please note that we are talking about the same processes by which the cell exchanges substances with the environment.
Figure 2. The main mechanisms of drug absorption
Some drugs taken by mouth are absorbed by simple diffusion in the stomach, most of them in the small intestine, which has a large surface (approximately 200 m 2) and intense blood supply. The stomach is the first stop on the path of oral medication. This stop is quite short. And already here the first trap awaits them: medicines can be destroyed when interacting with food or digestive juices. To avoid this, they are placed in special acid-resistant shells that dissolve only in the alkaline environment of the small intestine. Delay in the stomach is undesirable, because absorption there is relatively slow. However, there are drugs whose absorption in the stomach is desirable, since they must act directly on the stomach and digestion process, for example, drugs that reduce the acidity of gastric juice by neutralizing hydrochloric acid (antacids), antiulcer drugs. In the stomach, drugs with acidic properties are also absorbed: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, hypnotics from the group of drugs derived from barbituric acid (barbiturates), which have a calming, hypnotic, anesthetic or anticonvulsant effect, and others.
Due to diffusion absorbed medicinal substances and from the rectum with rectal administration.
Filtration through the pores of the membranes is much less common, since the diameter of these pores is small and only small molecules can pass through them.
The capillary walls are the most permeable to drugs, and the skin is the least, the upper layer of which consists mainly of keratinized cells.
But the intensity of absorption through the skin can be increased. Recall that nourishing creams and masks are applied to specially prepared skin (removing excess keratinized cells, cleansing pores, improving blood supply is achieved, for example, using a water bath), and enhancing the analgesic effect in muscle inflammation (in medicine this is called myositis, and in the people They say - "blew") are achieved using local massage, rubbing ointments and solutions into a sore spot.
The absorption of drugs during sublingual administration (under the tongue) is faster and more intense than from the gastrointestinal tract.
The drugs taken orally (and most of these drugs) are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small and large intestine), and it is natural that the processes taking place in it affect their absorption to the greatest extent.
Of course, it would be very convenient for us if all the medicines could be taken orally. However, this has not yet been achieved. Some substances (for example, insulin) are completely destroyed by enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, while others (benzylpenicillins) are destroyed by an acidic environment in the stomach. Such drugs are used as injections. Use the same method if you need to provide emergency assistance.
If the medicine should have an effect only at the injection site, it is prescribed externally in the form of ointments, lotions, rinses and the like. Some drugs taken in small doses (for example, nitroglycerin) can also be absorbed through the skin if they are used in the form of special dosage forms, for example, transdermal (transdermal) therapeutic systems.
For gaseous and volatile drugs, the main method is the introduction into the body with inhaled air (inhalation). With this introduction, absorption occurs in the lungs, which have an extensive surface and abundant blood supply. Aerosol absorption occurs in the same way.
Medical practice has many examples of erroneous administration of dosage forms: there have been cases of extensive eye burns when instilling drops intended for the nose or ears. Erroneous intravenous administration solutions for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection even led to the death of patients. That is why it is impossible to break the correspondence between dosage forms and routes of administration.
1.2. The distribution of the drug in the body
The rate of onset depends on the distribution of the drug in the body. pharmacological effect, its intensity and duration. Indeed, in order to begin to act, the drug substance must concentrate in the right place in sufficient quantity and stay there for a certain time. In most cases, the drug is distributed unevenly in the body, in different tissues its concentrations differ by 10 or more times, although its concentration is constant in the blood that feeds these tissues. This is due to differences in the permeability of biological barriers, the intensity of blood supply to tissues and organs.
Blood carries the medicine throughout the body, but if the drug is firmly connected to the blood proteins, it will remain in the blood, will not get into other tissues and will not have the desired effect. As a rule, binding to blood plasma proteins is reversible and only leads to an increase in the duration of action of drugs.
Cell membranes are the main obstacle to the pathway of drug molecules. Different human tissues have a set of membranes with different throughputs. The capillary walls are most easily overcome; the most difficult barriers are between the blood and brain tissues (the blood-brain barrier or the “gateway to the brain”) and between the blood of the mother and the fetus (placental).
The uneven distribution of the drug in the body often causes side effects. Consider the following example. A person has pneumonia (pneumonia). This means that his lung tissue is affected. The cause of pneumonia is microorganisms, most often pneumococci. To cope with them, the doctor prescribes, for example, sulfadimezin. The mass of lung tissue is 1000 g, 10 mg of the drug is enough to affect microbes. The doctor, however, is forced to prescribe up to 7000 mg of sulfadimezin per day, since only with this dose the desired concentration of the drug in the lungs is provided. The remainder of sulfadimezin accumulates in the liver, kidneys, muscles and bone marrow, causing changes in them that often complicate the course of the disease and cause serious harm to the body. Is it possible to reduce the dose? No, because in this case the causative agent of the disease will not be destroyed.
Is there a way out? Yes. You need to learn how to manage the distribution of drugs in the human body. Find medicinal substances that can selectively accumulate in certain tissues. Create dosage forms that release the medicine in those organs and places where its action is necessary.
And until these tasks are fully resolved, humanity will not be able to cope, for example, with cancer, a disease that takes many lives. Extremely active compounds have been found that can destroy any tumor tissue. But ... alas! These substances also actively destroy normal tissues, and scientists still do not know how to make them accumulate only in the tissues of the tumor.
1.3. The conversion of drugs in the body
In the beginning, we already talked about how drugs are foreign substances to the body, and therefore it constantly tries to get rid of them. To do this, the body using enzymes tries to split or bind a molecule of the drug substance and, thus, facilitate the process of its removal from the body. Human enzyme systems have tremendous power and allow the body to carry out processes that require high temperatures, pressures, etc. under production conditions.
Most drugs undergo transformation in the body - biotransformation. Only a small number of drugs are excreted unchanged from the body. The main reactions that occur during this process are oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, synthesis. As a result of these reactions, new substances can be formed that have higher activity (imizine - desipramine), toxicity (phenacetin - phenetidine) or have their own pharmacological effect that is different from the action of the medication taken (iprazide - isoniazid).
Many drugs are converted by attaching to them molecules of substances that are present in the body. The latter include: glucuronic acid, glycine, methionine, cysteine, acetic acid and others.
Glycine, for example, binds salicylic acid and benzoic acid, methionine - the anti-tuberculosis drug ethionamide, acetic acid combines with sulfonamide drugs. The resulting products, as a rule, are deprived not only of specific activity, but, and very importantly, of toxicity. However, this raises another problem. The removal from circulation of important metabolic participants for our body can lead to disturbances in biochemical processes in general and, therefore, adversely affect the functioning of various organs and systems. For example, methionine is an essential amino acid, the need for it should be covered by a constant supply from the outside. Methionine is involved in the reactions that occur during the formation of the nuclear substance of cells. If too much methionine is used to neutralize the drug, biochemical processes are disrupted, and typical symptoms of a deficiency of this amino acid arise.
The main role in the process of drug transformation is played by liver enzymes - Our main biochemical factory for cleaning the body of harmful metabolic products and all foreign substances. Due to various chemical reactions, complex insoluble molecules of drugs are broken down or converted into more readily soluble forms, which helps to remove them from the body. In diseases of the liver (or other conditions with insufficient synthesis rate or low activity of liver enzymes), the conversion of drugs slows down, which leads to an increase in the strength and duration of their action.
The activity of liver enzymes is so high that there is even such a thing as the effect of the "first passage" through the liver. What is it?
As we already know, drugs that are absorbed from the intestines are spread by blood throughout the body only after they pass through the liver, and in this "chemical laboratory" enzymes act on them.
The protective properties of the liver, saving us from toxic substances, become a powerful and, in some cases, an insurmountable obstacle for a medicinal substance. Only a few drugs can pass this barrier without losing (at least partially) the initial activity.
The effect of the "first passage" through the liver greatly complicates the work of the medicine, but the liver is a natural defender of the body from foreign substances. If the medicine quickly (during the first passage) is destroyed by the liver, other methods of drug administration are sought. For example, rectally. It is known that about a third of the volume of blood moving from the rectum passes through the liver. This is taken into account when creating suppositories (or, more simply, candles), which melt at the temperature of the human body and release the medicine, which is partially (1/3) absorbed into the general bloodstream, bypassing the liver. This method of administration is also indispensable in cases where the patient cannot swallow or the stomach no longer takes any medications.
Lesson on the topic “Medicines and human health”
Goal:
Didactic:
The study of the concept of "drugs" and the history of their creation
Understand the classification of drugs and their forms
To strengthen students' knowledge about the qualitative reactions of organic compounds and the rules for handling substances in everyday life;
To introduce students to chemotherapy, chemically competent drug use
Developing:
The development of the ability to establish causal relationships between the structure and properties of substances
Find out the effect of various drugs on the human body
-use the elements of TCM and ICT to enhance the cognitive activity of students in the lesson
Educational:
Show the practical importance of drugs
Promote the formation of motivation among adolescents to maintain their own health.
Lesson Type:
Lesson of study and primary consolidation of new knowledge
Equipment, didactic materials: electronic presentation, computer, projector, screen, demo table, aspirin, test tubes, alcohol bottles, holders, sodium carbonate solution, mortar, water.
Motto:
And much to comprehend and understand
1.Orgment.
Teacher . Guys, I propose the following lines as the motto of our lesson:
We will be able to solve many secrets
And much to comprehend and understand
Mined in our life is useful
How interesting to study all the same !!!
Yes, in the lesson we have to unravel the secrets and understand a lot, and most importantly, what you have learned in life will come in handy, but it is interesting to study or not, each of you will decide for yourself after the lesson.
2. The study of new material.
Teacher . Pay attention to the screen, you can easily guess what the topic of today's lesson is.
(medicines are shown on the screen). Yes, the theme of our lesson is “Medicines and human health.”
Lesson plan:
Drug Classification
History of Drugs
The effect of drugs on the human body
These are the main issues that we have to study. But the main fundamental question I propose is: (on screen)
Medications - harm or benefit?
It is accompanied by problematic and educational questions, read them and fill out the table that you have on the tables, that is, select those questions that you already know the answer to, put them in the first column of the “know” table, in the second column the questions for which you would like to receive the answers “I want to know”, and you will fill in the third column of the table during the lesson and at the end of the lesson.
| I KNOW | I WANT TO KNOW | LEARNED |
Problematic issues
1. What are medications?
2. How do drugs affect the human body?
3. How does the body protect itself from their negative effects?
Training questions
1. What area of \u200b\u200bchemistry studies medicinal substances?
2. Tell us about the history of medicines.
3. What is the hormone that is the drug?
4. What are hormones?
5. What are antibiotics?
What is the therapeutic effect of antibiotics based on?
1 question: What are medicines? ( medicines is a group of substances that are different in form, action and dynamics, aimed at eliminating the signs of the disease).
The science that studies drugs is called pharmacology).
In the distant past, the ancient Greek word "pharmacon" and the ancient Russian "potion" had a clearly poisonous semantic connotation, and medicines were called "potions." Over the centuries, the meanings of these words have not changed: medicine is a druggranting healing poison – potion, able to kill. Almost every medicine under certain conditions can have a toxic effect, and many poisons are used as medicines. The conventionality of the border between them is determined by the general method of action on the body
There are a lot of drugs. In what form are drugs produced?
(Solid, liquid). The following forms of medication are distinguished. Write down the forms and examples of medicines in the notebook.
On the slides:
Slide №2 What are the medicines and why they are treated
Medications are different. How many diseases, so many drugs. It often happens that the same disease is treated with many drugs. Usually medicines classified by their main therapeutic effect
In medical practice, medicinal substances are divided into groups depending on their effect on systems and organs. For instance:
Vitamins
Hypnotics and sedatives (sedatives);
Cardiovascular;
Analgesic (painkillers), antipyretic and anti-inflammatory;
Antimicrobial (antibiotics, sulfa drugs, etc.);
Local anesthetics;
Antiseptic;
Diuretic;
The main principle of treating various diseases with chemicals is to the substance that we use as a medicine, it would do the least harm to the body.Guys as far as effects of drugs on the human body. Some drugs eliminate the cause of the disease, that is, they act on the agents of the disease - bacteria, viruses and tumor cells, while other drugs eliminate the symptoms of the disease - lower the temperature, relieve pain, and remove inflammation. Guys, and now work with the worksheet, mark what you learned from the questions you have asked topics. (Discussion)
2. On the second question our lesson plan is invited to presentation
« History of the creation of drugs "
The presentation material introduced you to scientists who made a certain contribution to the development of medical science at different stages of its development. And also you should have heard the answer to the question “What are antibiotics?” Who can answer this question?
Write the answer in a notebook. Life products (or their synthetic analogues) of living cells (bacterial, fungal, etc.), selectively inhibiting the functioning of other cells (microorganisms, tumor, etc.).
Physical education.
3. 1) .And now let's take a trip to the medicine cabinet. In the process of life, every person has to open a first-aid kit and use such well-known medicines as an alcoholic solution of iodine and “zelenka.” Who can answer in which cases iodine is used and when “zelenka”? What does medical science think about this? (students study the text)
Information sheet No. 1
Find out when to use iodine and when to use green stuff.
It may seem that these drugs differ only in color, but this is a big mistake.
Both that, and another - antiseptics . Iodine Dries processed fabrics, and with overuse easilycan burn them
. Therefore, iodine is used for scratch treatment as well as skin around wounds for disinfection, and in cases where it is necessary to dry the skin .. In addition, iodine is used whenever necessary to stimulate blood flow to the soft tissues - first of all, in case of various bruises and sprains. To this end, to the surface intact The so-called iodine network is applied to the skin - I suppose you know this.
Zelenka is also an antiseptic, but weaker and softer but she is slightly stimulates wound healing anddoes not dry skin . It should be consumed precisely zelenka, and not iodine, when processing noticeable surfaces (the size of a five-ruble coin and above), as well sensitive skin (e.g. in infants).Zelenka is used to prevent suppuration of the wound.
(conversation) So in what cases iodine is used, and in which green stuff?
2) In any medicine cabinet you will always find aspirin . What do you know about its use?
Conversation. You will receive more accurate information about aspirin by examining fact sheet No. 2.
Study information (sheet No. 2)
The main effect of aspirin is antipyretic. Contraindications - poor blood coagulability. The main harm of aspirin is a negative effect on the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. It thins the mucosa, reduces its protective properties and can provoke the appearance of an ulcer. In children, when taking aspirin, a dangerous complication, Reye's syndrome, may develop (mainly from this disease the liver suffers (the disease is accompanied by hepatitis, turning into cirrhosis) and the brain which leads either to a decrease in intelligence, or to a complete cessation of mental activity.
One of the known causes of the development of the disease is the improper use of medicines designed to combat colds. According to the decision of the Center for Disease Control (1980), the American Academy of Pediatrics (1982), the UK Committee for the Safety of Medicine, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, acetylsalicylic acid should not be prescribed to children under 12 years of age.
The cause of the disease called " reye's syndrome"Are complex biochemical processes in the body that lead to the degeneration of internal organs, including the liver and brain.) Therefore, this drug is forbidden in children .. For example, for older people with thick blood and a tendency to thrombosis, aspirin is useful, because aspirin dilutes blood.
3) I suggest holding study with aspirin., find out why such negative consequences of its use. Aspirin is called acetylsaslicicylic acid, we prove the acid character and investigate the composition.
Experience No. 1.
Laboratory experience 1:
Pound an aspirin tablet, put the powder in a test tube and boil it with a solution of sodium carbonate. Add diluted hydrochloric acid and heat the mixture. What are you observing? (The smell of acetic acid is felt).
Question: The presence of a functional group in aspirin proves this experience. ? (On the slide is an aspirin formula)
Conclusion: The composition of aspirin includes a carboxyl group, which proves the acidic nature of aspirin (For people with increased acidity of gastric juice, ulcers and gastritis, it is better to refrain from using it)
The presence of a phenolic compound in the solution is proved by conducting a qualitative reaction with iron (III) chloride (violet staining of the solution) that during the hydrolysis of aspirin, a phenolic compound is formed, which, in addition to bactericidal, has a toxic effect on the human body. Phenol is a strong poison, has a carcinogenic effect.
Some medicines contain the most important chemical elementsthat play an important role in our body. Let's give some examples. For example, iron is present in the drug ferroplex. And what is the role of iron in the body?
More examples. And which element is called the element of intelligence? Iodine. What medications contain iodine? Iodomarin, iodine.
The element calcium plays an important role in the life of the body. Calcium ions are necessary for the process of transmission of nerve impulses, for the reduction of skeletal muscles and heart muscles, for the formation of bone tissue, for coagulation of blood. I offer you the following task. 4) The task (estimated).
After a fracture, the doctor prescribed a calcium preparation to the patient and offered a choice of three drugs: gluconate 2 Ca * H 2 Olactate 2Ca * 5H 2 O andcalcium glycerophosphate CaP 3 OC 3 H 5 (OH) 2 * 2H 2 O
(which one will be on sale). The pharmacy said that there are all three, and they cost the same. It is necessary to help the patient choose the right medicine.
Your suggestions. Demonstration of calculations, conclusions
It turns out that being a competent chemist is very useful in our lives.
And you must be very careful with medicines so as not to harm your health.
The proper storage of drugs is also important, many are harmful to light, others need a certain temperature for storage, you can’t store or use the opened medicine for a long time, you need to pay attention to all these things.
3 Reflection.
Guys, what will you answer on the main question: “Is medicine good or harm?”
(definitely can not answer, reasoning)
Let's look at the table you worked with at the beginning of the lesson.
Students read out that they learned new in the lesson.
1. In the sentence, insert the missing words or phrases.
Medications - _____________ helping to defeat or _____________. Medications can be of _____________ or _______________ origin. Using __________, it is necessary to strictly follow the recommendations of __________ and ___________ attached to the medicine. With __________ use, the medicine becomes ________.
Words for information: prevent, instructions, natural, medicine, disease, synthetic, unfaithful, chemical compounds, poison, doctor.
4. Homework: compendium.
Many thanks to all for your cooperation. I would like to end our lesson with the words of wise people:
" Health is much more dependent on our habits and nutrition than on medical art and medicine. " D. Lebbock
"Health is as contagious as disease." R. Rolland
So let your habits and nutrition be such that you can infect everyone with your excellent health
