Solid dosage forms are usually classified into tablets, dragees, capsules, films, plates, microcapsules, granules, powders, glossets.

Tabletsrepresent a solid dosage form obtained by compressing a mixture of medicinal and auxiliary substances. Tablets are mainly used for domestic use. In some cases, they are used externally, after preliminary dissolution. They are portable, mask the unpleasant taste of medicines, and retain therapeutic properties for a long time. Their pharmacological effect is manifested after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Tablets are made in pharmaceutical plants. They can be coated with a special shell to correct the taste, appearance, or to give them special properties. For example, the solubility of tablets in the intestine.

Tablets are usually prescribed in several ways. Some tablets are known by their special brand name. The most common methods of prescribing this dosage form:

Rp .: Tabl. Reserpini 0.0001 N. 10 Rp .: Ac. acetylsalicilici 0.24 Rp .: Tabl. Pentalginum N. 10

D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day. Paracetamoli 0.18 D.S. 1 tablet for headache

Coffeini 0.03 pain.

D.t.d. N. 10 in tabl.

S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Glossets   are a dosage form in the form of small tablets. Designed for buccal or sublingual use.

Jelly beans   is a solid dosage form obtained by multiple layering of medicinal and auxiliary substances on sugar granules. They are made in a factory way. Dragees are used for internal use. Some tablets are known under a special patented name. The most common methods of prescribing this dosage form:

Rp .: Dragee Diazolini 0.05 N. 10 Rp .: Dr. Digestalum N. 10

D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day D.S. 1 tablet inside 2 times a day.

Films and recordsare special dosage forms in which drug substances are placed on a polymer base. As a rule, these drugs are placed on the mucous membranes, where they dissolve slowly and provide gradual absorption medicinal substances. Their therapeutic feature is to increase the time of local pharmacological action, which reduces the likelihood of side effects.

Copybook of films: Copybook of plates:

Rp .: Membranulae ophthalmicae cum Rp .: Lamellae trinitrolong 0.001 N. 10

Pilocarpini hydrochlorido N. 10 D.S. Apply 1 plate to the mucosa

D.S. Lay 1 film per eyelid of the upper gum 2 times a day.

1 per day.

Granules- This is a solid non-dosage form obtained by compression in the form of homogeneous particles of round or cylindrical shape. Intended for internal use.

Prescription of granules:

Rp .: Granulorum Urodani 100.0

D.S. 1 teaspoon 3 times a day.

Capsules- These are mainly gelatinous hard or soft shells for placement of medicinal substances in a specific dose.

Prescription capsules:

Rp .: Caps. cum olei Ricino 1.0 N. 30 Rp .: Caps. gel. cum Bactisubtil N. 16

D.S. 15 capsules per oral dose. D.S. 1 capsule 3 times a day (1 hour before meals).

Microcapsules- microparticles of solid or liquid medicinal substances, coated with a thin shell of film-forming, mainly polymeric materials. Microencapsulated medicinal substances are used for the manufacture of special tablets and capsules in order to prolong the action, resistance to the action of factors of the external and internal environment, etc.

Powders   - This is a solid dosage or dosage form. There are simple powders consisting of one substance and complex powders consisting of two or more ingredients. For external use often used dusting powder. They are hygroscopic, therefore, they dry and degrease the skin, enhance heat transfer, cooling the skin surface. Protect the skin from external factors. They have an anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effect. Powders are the most superficially acting dosage form. Powders for internal use can be undivided and separated. When prescribing drugs in a dose of less than 0.2, a filler, sugar, is added.

Powder recipe: Unrequited recipe Separated recipe

powder for oral administration: powder for oral administration:

Rp .: Talci Rp .: Magnesii oxydi 30.0 Rp .: Analgini 0.1

Amyli aa 20.0 D.S. 1/2 teaspoon Phenobarbitali 0.05

M. f. pulv. subtilissimus 2 times a day. Sacchari 0.2

D.S. For application to the skin. M. f. pulv.

S. 1 powder inside for pain.

Hard and soft dosage forms

Solid dosage forms

Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, caramels, pencils, medicinal pills, and others. Among them, tablets and dragees are the most common.

Tablets - Tabulettae (Tabuletta, Tabulettae) is a solid medicinal product obtained by the factory method using special automatic machines for pressing medicines. The tablets are convenient for receiving, transporting and storing.

Tablets are intended mainly for oral administration, sometimes for the preparation of solutions used externally. Tablets usually have the form of round or oval plates with a flat or biconvex surface.

Tablets can be coated (Tabulette obductae), consisting of starch, sugar, cocoa with the addition of food varnishes and paints.

When writing prescriptions for tablets, it is necessary to take into account that they are made at the factory, therefore, the recipes do not give any instructions on the manufacture of tablets, as well as on excipients that make up their composition. The most common is the recipe, which indicates the names of the main medicinal substances and their single doses that are part of the tablet, and then follows the order on the number of tablets to be dispensed. If only one medicinal substance is prescribed per tablet, then it can be prescribed in an abbreviated way.

Examples of recipes.

1.Prescribe 12 tablets containing 0.25 g of dipyrone, 0.03 g of caffeine and 0.02 g of phenobarbital. Prescribe 1 tablet for headache.

Rp .: Analgini 0.250,030,02.t.d.№12 in tabulettis

S. One tablet for headache.

2.Prescribe 20 tablets containing 0.01 g octadine. Prescribe 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp: Tabulettae Octadini 0.01 No. 20.S. One tablet daily.

Some multicomponent tablets are available under special names, for example, Nikoverin tablets (containing nicotinic acid and papaverine), Papazol tablets (containing 0.03 g of papaverine and dibazole) and many others. When prescribing such tablets, the prescription begins with the words Tabulettarum, then the name of the tablets (in quotation marks) and their number are indicated.

Recipe Example

1.Prescribe 20 Nikoverin tablets. Assign inside 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp: Tabulettarum Nicoverinum No. 20.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Dragee (Dragee) - a solid dosage form for internal use. Dragees are made by the factory method by repeatedly layering (drazhirovany) medicinal and auxiliary substances on sugar granules.

The dragee recipe is written in an abbreviated way, i.e. the prescription begins with an indication of the dosage form, followed by the name of the medicinal substance, its dose, the amount of dragee and signature.

Recipe example.

Write down 30 tablets containing chlorpromazine at 0.025. Assign 1 tablet 2-3 times a day after meals.

Rp: Dragee Aminazini 0,025.t.d. Number 20

S. For 1 tablet 2-3 times a day after meals.

Powders - Pulveres (Pulvis, Pulveris) - solid dosage form for internal or external use. There are dosed powders, i.e. divided into separate doses, and not dosed, when the total mass of powder intended for one or several doses is indicated. In this case, the patient himself selects a dose of powder.

By the number of components included in the recipe, powders are divided into simple (consisting of one substance) and complex (consisting of several substances).

Powders for internal use can be metered and not metered, simple and complex. When prescribing simple powders, divided into separate doses, the medicinal substance and its single dose are indicated in the recipe, then the number of powders and the signature are indicated.

In the recipes for complex dosage powders indicate the name and dose of all medicinal substances that make up the powder. Then they write: Misce ut fiat pulvis - “Mix to make a powder”, followed by an indication of the number of powders and the signature.

The mass of the dosed powder ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 g (an average of 0.3-0.5 g). If the dose of the medicinal powder is less than 0.1 g, a filler substance (usually sugar) is added to the average weight of the powder.

Examples of recipes.

1.To write out 12 powders of dipyrone 0.3 g each. Assign one powder 3 times a day.

Rp: Analgini 0.3.t.d. Number 12

S. 1 powder 3 times a day.

2.Write out 12 powders containing acetylsalicylic acid

For 0.25 g, phenacetin and caffeine for 0.05 g. Assign 1 powder 3 times a day.

Rp: Acidi acetylsalicyliciaa 0.25

Cjffeini 0.05.f pulvis. 1 powder 3 times a day.

Write out 10 powders containing codeine of 0.015 g. Prescribe 1 powder when coughing.

Rp: Codeini puri 0.0150.3.f. pulvis

D.t.d. No. 10. take 1 powder when coughing

When writing recipes for powders containing parts of plants (leaves, roots, etc.), the prescription begins with the word Pulveris, then the part of the plant, its name, amount of powder and signature are indicated.

Recipe example.

1.Write out 12 rhubarb root powders of 1.0 g each. Assign 1 powder at night.

Rp: Pulveris radicis Rhei 1.0.t.d. Number 12

S. 1 powder per night

In the form of non-separated (not dosed) powders for internal use, medicinal substances are prescribed, the dosage accuracy of which does not matter much. However, the signature should indicate to the patient how much to take such a powder, for example: ½ teaspoon 3 times a day.

Recipe example.

1.Write out 30.0 g of sodium bicarbonate. Assign by ¼   teaspoon after eating.

Rp: Natrii hydrocarbohatis 30.0.S. By ¼   teaspoon 2 hours after eating.

Powders for external use are used in the form of fine powders (Pulvis sudtilissimus - the smallest powder) for application to wounded surfaces, mucous membranes. They are prescribed not divided into doses with a total weight of 5.0 to 100 g. These powders may contain one medicinal substance (simple powder) or several substances (complex powder).

When prescribing a simple undivided powder, the name of the medicinal substance, its total amount and degree of grinding are indicated. In the recipe for a complex unrequired powder indicate the input substances and their quantities.

Then write M.f. pulvis subtilissimus.

Recipe Examples

1.Write out 20.0 g of the smallest streptocide powder. Assign for application to the wound.

Rp: Aethazoli10.0

M.F. pulvis subtilissimus

D.S. For blowing into the nose.

Capsules - Capsulae (Capsula, Capsulae) - special hard or elastic shells for filling with medicinal substances. Capsules are made in factories, and filled with medicinal substances in factories or pharmacies.

In capsules, such medicinal substances are released that have an unpleasant taste, smell or irritating properties. Depending on the nature of the capsules, they can be used for the use of not only powders, but also liquid medicinal substances.

In pharmaceutical practice, starch and gelatin capsules are most widely used.

Starch capsules (cachets) - Capsulae amylaceae (oblatae) is prepared from starch and wheat flour. They are in the form of cylindrical cups with a diameter of 11 to 23 mm, tightly closed with lids of slightly larger diameter. In wafers, only powders that do not have hygroscopic properties can be written out.

Gelatin capsules - Capsulae gelatinosae are divided into hard - Capsulae gelatinosae durae, elastic - Capsulae gelatinosae elasticae. The formula of typical capsules is different: oblong, spherical, ovoid; their accommodation is calculated on the weight of the medicinal substance in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 g. Both solid and liquid medicinal substances can be produced in gelatin capsules.

To obtain gelatin capsules that are resistant to the action of gastric juice and disintegrate in the intestine in an alkaline environment, they are treated with formaldehyde vapor or its alcohol solution.

Such capsules are called glutoid (Capsulae glutiodales).

When prescribing drugs in capsules, it is necessary in the recipes after the designation D.t.d.N ... write: in capsulis amylaceis, or in oblatis, or in capsulis gelatinosis.

Examples of recipes.

1.Write out 12 g of methionine powders in cachets. Assign 1 cachet 3 times a day.

Rp: Methionini 0.6.t.d. No. 12 in oblates

S. One cachet 3 times a day.

2.Write out 12 gelatin elastic capsules containing 1.0 g of castor oil. Prescribe all capsules for 30 minutes.

Rp: Olei Ricini 1.0

S. Take all capsules for 30 minutes.

Granules Granula (Granulum, Granuli) - - solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles of round, cylindrical or irregular shape, intended for internal use. In recipes, granules are written out in a shortened version of the recipe, i.e. indicate the name of the dosage form, drug substance and its amount.

Recipe example.

Write out 100.0 granules of sodium paraaminosalicylate. Assign 1 teaspoon 3 times a day after meals .; Granularum Natrii paraaminosalicylatis 100.0.S. One teaspoon 3 times a day 1 hour after a meal.

Caramels (Caramela) - solid dosage forms in the form of dense masses of a flat form, obtained by mixing medicinal substances with sugar, molasses and various flavoring and aromatic additives.

Caramels are used mainly for the treatment of diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and pharynx. To do this, they are kept in the mouth until completely resorbed.

Ophthalmic films and plates (Membranulae ophthalmicae et Lamellae) are polymer films containing certain medicinal substances in fixed doses.

When the film is placed on the conjunctiva of the eye, it is moistened with tear fluid and begins to gradually dissolve. The concentration of drug released in the conjunctival sac when using eye films can remain stable for 24 hours or more, which is a significant advantage over eye drops.

Currently, the medical industry produces ophthalmic films containing various medicinal substances (pilocarpine, atropine, dicain, neomycin, sulfapyridazine, etc.) Ophthalmic films are prescribed in an abbreviated form.

Recipe example.

Write out 30 ophthalmic films containing pilocarpine hydrochloride.

Rp. Membranulae ophthalmicae cumhydrochlorido No. 30

D.S. Place one film per edge of the lower eyelid daily.

Soft dosage forms

Ointments Unguenta (Unguentum, Unguenti) - soft dosage forms for external use containing less than 25% of dry (powder) substances. Ointments are obtained by mixing medicinal substances with ointment bases.

As ointment bases, petrolatum, lanolin, refined pork fat (Adeps suillus depuratus), etc. are used. Ointment bases may include wax, paraffin, paraffin oil, etc.

This takes into account that petroleum jelly is poorly absorbed through the skin, and lanolin is good. Some ointment bases, such as naphthalan ointment, have anti-inflammatory effects.

Ointments are used mainly for the treatment of various diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. This takes into account mainly the local effect of the ointment. However, in some cases, ointments can have a reflex and resorptive effect. Prepare official ointments in the factory, main - in pharmacies. Ointments are prescribed in an abbreviated or expanded form of prescription.

An abbreviated form of prescription is used when prescribing ointments for industrial production, as well as in cases where the ointment contains one substance and petrolatum is used as an ointment base. An abbreviated form of prescription begins with the name of the dosage form - Unguenti, followed by the name of the drug substance, the concentration of the ointment or its amount, followed by D.S.

Recipe example.

Write out 10.0 g of 1% hydrocortisone ointment to lubricate the affected areas of the skin ..: Unguenti Hydrocortisoni 1% 10.0.S Lubricate affected areas of the skin 2-3 times a day

The official multicomponent ointments are written in abbreviated form, using the patent name of the ointment

Recipe Example

Prescribe 50.0 g of Bom Bengue ointment. Assign for rubbing into the joints.

Rp .: Unguenti “Bom-Benge” 50,0.S. Rub into the joints for the night.

When prescribing ointments in expanded form, the names of all components and their quantities that are part of the ointment are indicated in the recipe.

Then they write Misce ut fiat unguentum (Mix to make an ointment).

This is followed by D.S. and signature.

Recipe example.

Write out 30.0 g of an ointment containing 0.25 g of silver nitrate and 1.0 g of vinylin. Prescribe for skin disease ..: Argenti nitratis 0,251,030,0.f. unguentum.S. Lubricate the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe skin.

Pasta Pastae (Pasta) is a type of ointment, characterized by a thicker consistency. Pastes contain at least 25% (but not more than 65%) of powdered substances. In the manufacture of paste, the amount of powdery substances necessary to achieve a denser consistency is increased by the addition of indifferent talc, starch and other powders.

Pastes longer than ointments are held at the site of application and, due to the high content of powdery substances, have pronounced adsorbing properties. Pastes are written out in an expanded form of writing. After a list of medicinal substances, indifferent powders, ointment base and an indication of their quantity and write: Misce ut pasta

(Mix to make a paste), then D.S. and signature.

Formal pastes are prescribed in abbreviated form.

Examples of recipes.

1.Write out 50.0 g of paste containing 5% anestezin for application to the affected area of \u200b\u200bthe skin.

Rp .: Anaesthesinioxydi 20.0ad 50.0

M.f. pasta.S. Apply to damaged skin surface.

Suppositories (suppositories) - Suppositoria (Suppositorium, Suppositorii) - dosage forms that melt at body temperature, preserving a solid consistency at room temperature.

The composition of suppositories includes medicinal substances and the forming mass (base). Cocoa butter (Oleum Sasao) or special alloys are used as the basis for the manufacture of suppositories. The main requirements for suppository bases are the coincidence of their melting temperature with body temperature (not higher than 37 degrees C), indifference to other medicinal substances and the absence of irritating properties.

Rectal and vaginal suppositories are distinguished - Suppositoria rectalia, Suppositoria vaginalia.

Rectal suppositories are usually in the form of a cylinder or cone weighing from 1.0 to 4.0 g (average 3 g). Vaginal suppositories can be spherical (balls), ovoid (ovules) or in the form of a flat body with a rounded end (pessaries). The mass of vaginal suppositories ranges from 1.5 to 6.0 g (an average of 4.0 g).

Medicinal substances in vaginal suppositories are used for local action, and in rectal suppositories for local and resorptive action.

Suppositories are usually prepared in the factory, sometimes in pharmacies. Suppositories produced by the pharmaceutical industry are prescribed in an abbreviated form of prescription.

In this case, the prescription begins with the name of the dosage form Suppositorii, then after the preposition cum (c) follows the name of the medicinal substance in the instrumental case and its dose. The recipe ends with a prescription - D.t.d.N ... and a signature.

Recipe example.

Write out 10 rectal suppositories containing 0.0001 g of digitoxin. Prescribe 1 suppository 2 times a day.

Rp .: Suppositorii cum Digitoxino 0.0001.t.d.№10. One candle in the rectum 2 times a day.

In some cases, an official suppository of complex composition is given commercial name, for example, Anuzol, Betiol, etc.

Recipe example.

Write out 10 Anuzol suppositories. Assign 1 suppository 2 times a day ..: Suppositoriorum "Anusolum" No. 10.S. 1 candle 2 times a day in the rectum.

Suppositories, which are prepared in a pharmacy, are prescribed in expanded form. First, the names of the medicinal substances and their quantity are indicated, then cocoa butter per 1 candle.

Most often, the amount of cocoa butter is not indicated, but written: Olei Cacao d.s. ut f. Suppositorium rectale (vaginale), i.e. cocoa butter as needed to get a rectal suppository (vaginal). This is followed by D.t.d.N ..., then the signature.

Recipe example.

Write out 10 vaginal suppositories containing 0.5 g of metronidazole. Assign 1 suppository to the vagina 2 times a day ..: Metronidazoli 0.5

Ol. Cacao d.s. ut fiat suppositopium vaginale

D.t.d. No. 10. 1 suppository in the vagina 2 times a day.

Sticks (Bacilli) - a type of suppository intended for insertion into narrow channels (urethra, cervix, fistulous passages, etc.). They make sticks (bougie) in the form of thin cylinders (thickness 2-5 mm) up to 5 cm long, depending on the purpose.

Solid dosage forms include powders, tablets, pills, and boluses.

Tabulettae (singular - tabuletta, genitive - tabulettae). A tablet is a compressed powder manufactured by the factory. Tablets are round, flat, biconvex, oval or other specific shape (Fig. 6).

If tablets contain small amounts of potent or toxic substances, then these substances are pre-mixed with a certain amount of indifferent or flavoring substances (constituent). The composition of the mass for the manufacture of tablets should be such that the tablet does not disintegrate during storage and transportation, but disintegrates in the gastrointestinal canal.

In cases where the finished tablets are easily oxidized or when it is necessary to mask an unpleasant taste, the tablets are coated. Pelleting consists in the fact that tablets are coated with a layer of sugar, cocoa or chocolate in special dragee machines.

The tablets are very convenient for transportation and snoring; when taking them, an unpleasant or bitter taste of medicinal substances is hidden. A further advantage of the tablet form is the accuracy, cleanliness and hygiene of manufacture using tablet machines. Tablets last longer than powders.

Tablets are intended not only for internal use, but also for the preparation of solutions.

Tablets intended for external use, which include toxic substances, must be colored: sublimate - with a solution of eosin, the rest with a solution of methylene blue.

Tablets should not have spots, should have the correct shape, solid edges; they should not crumble, they should not be noticeably jagged places. The tablets should not break when dropped onto a wooden surface from a height of 1-1.5 m. The tablets should dissolve or disintegrate in water at 37 ° C for 10 minutes when the flask is shaken 1-2 times per second. The biodegradability should be considered the conversion of tablets into a large number, small pieces or into fine powder. For tablets, coated tablets, the dissolution and disintegration time is extended to half an hour. For example, in the clinic, the composite during postoperative rehabilitation after plastic surgery and other types of plastic surgery uses modern drugs in the form of tablets, as well as LPG cosmetic equipment.

After one year, the tablets should be tested for disintegration. Tablets that do not disintegrate within the required time should be withdrawn.

When prescribing tablets, the active medicinal substances and their quantities are indicated in the prescription. The composition of the tablet mass is never indicated, even if very small amounts are prescribed. For instance:

Rp. Codeini phosphorici 0.015
  D. t. d. N. 6 in tabulettis
  S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day

RP Aspirini 0.5
  D. t. d. N. 6 in tabulettis

Rp. Tabulettae aspirini 0.5
  D. t. d. N. 6
  S. 1 tablet 3 times a day

Powders   - pulveres (singular, pulvis, genitive - pulveris). Almost any medicinal substance can be prescribed in the form of powders, if it can be turned into a powder. Powder is one of the most commonly used dosage forms. This dosage form is very simple and convenient for oral administration, but its drawback is that the unpleasant taste of the medicine often does not hide in the Policy. In addition, the use of powders in childhood and senility, if the drug is poorly soluble, is extremely difficult. In powders, you can not write out substances that greedily absorb moisture from the air or easily decompose under the influence of light and air. When rubbed into powder in a mixture with others, some substances can easily explode (for example, Bertholeta salt with potassium permanganate) or dissolve (for example, camphor with chloral hydrate).

According to the Pharmacopoeia, depending on the degree of grinding, several types of powders are distinguished. The most common are large powders, pulveres grossi, followed by small powders, pulveres subtiles, and the smallest, pulveres subtilissimi.

If it is not indicated which powder should be dispensed, fine powder is usually dispensed. Prescribing the smallest powders, usually used in eye practice and surgery, requires special instructions in the recipe.

Powders are simple and complex. A simple powder - pulvis simplex - consists of one drug, but a complex one - pulvis compositus - of several drugs.

Powders are dispensed non-separated - non divisi, if they do not contain potent or toxic substances. Such powders are: powders, some laxatives, tooth powder, etc. In this case, they are released on a bag or in a box. Nadrimer:

Rp. Magnesiae ustae 20.0
  DS. 1/2 teaspoon per lU cup of water 2 times a day (with flatulence)

Rp. Pulv. Liquiritiae compositi 20.0
  DS. 1/2 teaspoon at night (laxative)

Most often, powders are used separated - divisi, pre-assigned at one time. Such powders intended for one administration should weigh from 0.25 to 1.0 and are dispensed in sachets of white smooth paper or paper capsules.

Simple separated powders are written out indicating the weight quantities of each powder and their total number. This is done in Latin: dentur tales doses N. - let go of such doses with the number of so many. For instance:

Rp. Aspirini 0.3
  D. t. d. N. 6 (Dentural doses N. 6)

Complex powders are obtained by thoroughly mixing simple powders until the mass of the prepared powder is uniform when viewed with the naked eye.

When writing out a complex powder, the weight quantities for each medicinal substance included in the prescription are required for one powder. Then, the pharmacist is instructed in the prescription: mix, make powder - to misce fiat pulvis - and release such doses with the number of so many - dentur tales doses N. For example:

Rp. Phcnacetini 0.3
  Coffeini natrio-benzoici 0.1
  M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 6
  S. 1 powder for headache

Here, the amount of phenacetin and caffeine for one powder is given and it is indicated that 6 such powders should be released.

To prepare a complex powder according to the prescribed recipe, the amount of each drug substance required for the manufacture of powders is weighed. For one powder, 0.1 caffeine was prescribed, and for 6 powders, therefore, 0.1 X 6 \u003d 0.6. 0.6 caffeine is weighed and poured into a mortar. In the same way, 1.8 phenacetin is weighed, 0.3 per 6 powders, poured into the same step and thoroughly triturate both powders with a pestle until the mixture becomes homogeneous. Each powder should weigh 0.3 + 0.1 \u003d 0.4. This amount is weighed on small horny scales using a capsule (Fig. 3) six times, each time on a piece of white smooth paper of a certain size (paper capsule), into which the powder is wrapped. Then the powders are placed in a common bag with a label on which the next number is affixed, and in this form they are released to the buyer.

If too small a quantity of powder is prescribed, which happens when prescribing toxic and potent agents, then some, almost inactive or weakly acting substance is added to it to a certain weight, less than which the powder cannot be, i.e. up to 0.2 -0.25. This substance will be the forming, or shaping substance - oonstituens. To this end, beet or cane sugar (saceharum) or milk sugar (saccharum lactis), which is less hygroscopic than cane sugar, is added. As a forming substance also use any weakly active substance, for example, bicarbonate soda.

Rp. Codeini phosphorici 0.015
  Sacchari 0.2
  M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 6 S.
  1 cough powder

Rp. Calomelanos 0.06
  Sacchari lactis 0.2
  M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 6 S.
  1 powder after 2 hours

If the powders contain a material network possessing, strong smell   and easily volatilizing, or salts that attract moisture, they are released in waxed or waxed paper. This is indicated in the recipe: give in wax paper — da in charta cerata — or give in waxed paper — da in charta paraffinata. For instance:

Rp. Camphorae 0.1
  Sacchari 0.3
  M. f. pulv. D. t. d. N. 6 in charta cerata (in charta paraffinata)
  S. 1 powder 3 times a day

Powders having a very bitter or unpleasant taste are released in starch capsules and cachets - capsula amyla-sea s. oblata. These capsules are made from starch or animal glue (Fig. 4). The wafers are usually white in color, without taste and smell, and consist of two starch cups that are embedded in one another. Powder is poured into a smaller cup, and another, larger, is closed. The cachet can hold from 0.25 to 0.5, and sometimes even more powder. In cold water, cachets should soften, and not disintegrate, while in hot water they completely disintegrate with the formation of a cloudy liquid. For instance:

Rp. Chinini hydrochlorici 0.3
  D. t. d. N. 10 in capsulis amylaceis (in oblatis)
  S. 1 cachet 4 times a day

Starch wafers are fragile and when easily damp powders are placed in them, they quickly soften and burst. Therefore, they are used relatively little.

In addition to starch capsules, there are also gelatin capsulae gelatinosae. They come in two forms. Gelatinous gelatin capsules (capsulae gelatinosae) are made from the best animal glue (gelatin), sometimes with the addition of sugar or glycerin. These capsules have the appearance of large, egg-shaped or oblong vessels containing from 0.1 to 1.5 liquid or solid matter. Hard gelatin capsules (capsulae operculatae) consist of two short gelatin cylinders that are closed on one side and tightly inserted into each other, containing from 0.03 to 0.5 substances (Fig. 5). Gelatin capsules should be transparent and disintegrate within 10 minutes in a sufficiently large (20-fold) amount of warm water (35-40 °).

Rp. Ol. Ricini 2.0
  D. t, d. N. 10 in capsulis gelatinosis
  S. Take in half an hour

Rp. Chinini hydrochlorici 0.3
  D. t. d. N. 12 in capsulis operculatis
  S. 1 capsule 3 times a day

In addition to the above, there are also keratin capsules-capsulae keratinosae- and glutol capsules - capsulae glutoidales. These capsules disintegrate only in the intestines, bypassing the stomach, and are used in cases where they do not want the substance to have an effect, for example, irritating, on the gastric mucosa.

Pills   - pilulae (singular - pilula, genitive hope - pilulae). The pill has the appearance of a small ball, the weight of which ranges from 0.1 to 0.5. Lighter pills, from 0.02 to 0.1, are called grains (granulae) and are prepared with a mixture of milk sugar and Arabian gum.

Pills weighing more than 0.5 are called boli. They are made softer than regular pills. Currently, boluses are almost never used.

The composition of the pills includes medicinal substances and components of the pill mass.

Pill mass (massa pilularum), usually prepared from an extract and a powder of plant origin, should be thick, like a dough, easily lag behind the walls of a mortar and pestle and dry out soon. The most common pill mass consists of a powder and an extract of licorice or licorice root (pulvis et extractum radicis Liquiritiae s. Glycyr-rhizae). Typically, the extract is taken 7z or ‘D of the weight of the entire mass of pills, and the powder - the rest of the amount. The recipe may also not indicate the weighted amounts of powder and extract, I can simply say "how much is needed" (quantum satis).

You can also not specify the composition of the pill mass, but use the expression: “How much pill mass is needed to prepare the number of pills” (Massae pilularum quantum satis ut fiant pilulae N.). Then, at the discretion of the pharmacist, the pill mass is prepared from indifferent substances that give it proper density, such as licorice root powder (radix Liquiritiae), glycerin (Glycerinum), tragacanth mucus, sugar syrup (sirupus simplex), molasses, yeast extract, dry yeast . In addition, they use indifferent! extracts, for example, licorice extract, etc.

If the composition of the pills includes substances that easily decompose when mixed with organic substances, such as silver nitrate, potassium permanganate, aluminum oxide hydrate or white clay with the addition of a small amount of petroleum jelly is used as a base.

Pills are prepared using a pill machine, on which, depending on its device, you can immediately make 25 or 30 pills. Therefore, pills are prescribed in an amount of 25 or 30, or in a multiple of these numbers, 50, 60, etc.

Before dispensing, pills are usually sprinkled with lycopodium powder, and pills with silver nitrate and potassium permanganate are sprayed with kaolin.

The pill should disintegrate within an hour in water at 37 ° with frequent circular movement of the cone, without shaking.

When prescribing pills, the calculation is made for all their number, i.e., the ingredients included in their composition are prescribed for all pills at once, and not as when prescribing powders and tablets, for one powder, for one tablet. For example, arsenic acid at the rate of 0.001 for each pill for 30 pills you need to take: 0.001 X 30 \u003d 0.03.

Rp. Acidi arsenicosi 0.03
  Extracti et pulveris radicis
  Liquiritiae quantum satis
  ut fiant pilulae N. 30
  DS. 1 tablet 3 times a day

Strychnine at the rate of 0.001 per pill for 25 pills should be taken: 0.001 X 25 \u003d 0.025. For instance:

Rp. Strychnini nitrici 0.025
  Massae pilularum quantum
  satis ut fiant pilulae N. 25
  DS. 1 pill 2 times a day

To prepare the pills, a weighed amount of the drug substance, the necessary amount of extract and powder are placed in the mortar and, if the extract is dry, add as many drops of water as the pills are made; then the dough is kneaded and rolled into a stick, which is placed on a pill machine (Fig. 7), and with the help of connecting ribbed surfaces cut into equal parts. The latter are rolled out into balls and the resulting pills are sprinkled with the supports of the lap (Lyeopodium) so that they do not stick together.

Currently, pills are a relatively small dosage form, as they have a number of significant disadvantages: a low-hygienic method of preparation, the instability of the dosage form, the impossibility of mass factory production. This dosage form is used only when prescribing certain medicinal substances that have an unpleasant taste or act harmful to the teeth and are used for a long time.

Solid dosage forms

Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, caramels, pencils, medicinal pills, and others. Among them, tablets and dragees are the most common.

Tablets - Tabulettae (Tabuletta, Tabulettae) is a solid medicinal product obtained by the factory method using special automatic machines for pressing medicines. The tablets are convenient for receiving, transporting and storing.

Tablets are intended mainly for oral administration, sometimes for the preparation of solutions used externally. Tablets usually have the form of round or oval plates with a flat or biconvex surface.

Tablets can be coated (Tabulette obductae), consisting of starch, sugar, cocoa with the addition of food varnishes and paints.

When writing prescriptions for tablets, it is necessary to take into account that they are made at the factory, therefore, the recipes do not give any instructions on the manufacture of tablets, as well as on excipients that make up their composition. The most common is the recipe, which indicates the names of the main medicinal substances and their single doses that are part of the tablet, and then follows the order on the number of tablets to be dispensed. If only one medicinal substance is prescribed per tablet, then it can be prescribed in an abbreviated way.

Examples of recipes.

1. Prescribe 12 tablets containing 0.25 g of dipyrone, 0.03 g of caffeine and 0.02 g of phenobarbital. Prescribe 1 tablet for headache.

Rp .: Analgini 0.25

Phenobarbitali 0.02

D.t.d.№12 in tabulettis

S. One tablet for headache.

2. Prescribe 20 tablets containing 0.01 g octadine. Prescribe 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp: Tabulettae Octadini 0.01 No. 20

D.S. One tablet daily.

Some multicomponent tablets are available under special names, for example, Nikoverin tablets (containing nicotinic acid and papaverine), Papazol tablets (containing 0.03 g of papaverine and dibazole) and many others. When prescribing such tablets, the prescription begins with the words Tabulettarum, then the name of the tablets (in quotation marks) and their number are indicated.

Recipe Example

1. Prescribe 20 Nikoverin tablets. Assign inside 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Rp: Tabulettarum Nicoverinum No. 20

D.S. 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Dragee (Dragee) - a solid dosage form for internal use. Dragees are made by the factory method by repeatedly layering (drazhirovany) medicinal and auxiliary substances on sugar granules.

The dragee recipe is written in an abbreviated way, i.e. the prescription begins with an indication of the dosage form, followed by the name of the medicinal substance, its dose, the amount of dragee and signature.

Recipe example.

1. Write down 30 tablets containing chlorpromazine at 0.025. Assign 1 tablet 2-3 times a day after meals.

Rp: Dragee Aminazini 0.025

S. For 1 tablet 2-3 times a day after meals.

Powders - Pulveres (Pulvis, Pulveris) - solid dosage form for internal or external use. There are dosed powders, i.e. divided into separate doses, and not dosed, when the total mass of powder intended for one or several doses is indicated. In this case, the patient himself selects a dose of powder.

By the number of components included in the recipe, powders are divided into simple (consisting of one substance) and complex (consisting of several substances).

Powders for internal use can be metered and not metered, simple and complex. When prescribing simple powders, divided into separate doses, the medicinal substance and its single dose are indicated in the recipe, then the number of powders and the signature are indicated.

In the recipes for complex dosage powders indicate the name and dose of all medicinal substances that make up the powder. Then they write: Misce ut fiat pulvis - “Mix to make a powder”, followed by an indication of the number of powders and the signature.

The mass of the dosed powder ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 g (an average of 0.3-0.5 g). If the dose of the medicinal powder is less than 0.1 g, a filler substance (usually sugar) is added to the average weight of the powder.

Examples of recipes.

1. Write out 12 powders of dipyrone 0.3 g each. Prescribe powder 3 times a day.

Rp: Analgini 0.3

2. Write out 12 powders containing acetylsalicylic acid

For 0.25 g, phenacetin and caffeine for 0.05 g. Assign 1 powder 3 times a day.

Rp: Acidi acetylsalicylici

Phenacetini aa 0.25

S. 1 powder 3 times a day.

3. Write out 10 powders containing codeine of 0.015 g. Assign 1 powder each when coughing.

Rp: Codeini puri 0.015

S. Take 1 cough powder

When writing recipes for powders containing parts of plants (leaves, roots, etc.), the prescription begins with the word Pulveris, then the part of the plant, its name, amount of powder and signature are indicated.

Recipe example.

1. Write out 12 rhubarb root powders of 1.0 g each. Assign 1 powder at night.

Rp: Pulveris radicis Rhei 1.0

S. 1 powder per night

In the form of non-separated (not dosed) powders for internal use, medicinal substances are prescribed, the dosage accuracy of which does not matter much. However, the signature should indicate to the patient how much to take such a powder, for example: Ѕ teaspoon 3 times a day.

Recipe example.

1. Write out 30.0 g of sodium bicarbonate. Assign ј teaspoon after a meal.

Rp: Natrii hydrocarbohatis 30.0

D.S. Ј teaspoon 2 hours after eating.

Powders for external use are used in the form of fine powders (Pulvis sudtilissimus - the smallest powder) for application to wounded surfaces, mucous membranes. They are prescribed not divided into doses with a total weight of 5.0 to 100 g. These powders may contain one medicinal substance (simple powder) or several substances (complex powder).

When prescribing a simple undivided powder, the name of the medicinal substance, its total amount and degree of grinding are indicated. In the recipe for a complex unrequired powder indicate the input substances and their quantities.

Then write M.f. pulvis subtilissimus.

Recipe Examples

1. Write down 20.0 g of the smallest streptocide powder. Assign for application to the wound.

Streptocidi 10.0

M.F. pulvis subtilissimus

D.S. For blowing into the nose.

Capsules - Capsulae (Capsula, Capsulae) - special hard or elastic shells for filling with medicinal substances. Capsules are made in factories, and filled with medicinal substances in factories or pharmacies.

In capsules, such medicinal substances are released that have an unpleasant taste, smell or irritating properties. Depending on the nature of the capsules, they can be used for the use of not only powders, but also liquid medicinal substances.

In pharmaceutical practice, starch and gelatin capsules are most widely used.

Starch capsules (cachets) - Capsulae amylaceae (oblatae) is prepared from starch and wheat flour. They are in the form of cylindrical cups with a diameter of 11 to 23 mm, tightly closed with lids of slightly larger diameter. In wafers, only powders that do not have hygroscopic properties can be written out.

Gelatin capsules - Capsulae gelatinosae are divided into hard - Capsulae gelatinosae durae, elastic - Capsulae gelatinosae elasticae. The formula of typical capsules is different: oblong, spherical, ovoid; their accommodation is calculated on the weight of the medicinal substance in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 g. Both solid and liquid medicinal substances can be produced in gelatin capsules.

To obtain gelatin capsules that are resistant to the action of gastric juice and disintegrate in the intestine in an alkaline environment, they are treated with formaldehyde vapor or its alcohol solution.

Such capsules are called glutoid (Capsulae glutiodales).

When prescribing drugs in capsules, it is necessary in the recipes after the designation D.t.d.N ... write: in capsulis amylaceis, or in oblatis, or in capsulis gelatinosis.

Examples of recipes.

1. Write out 12 g of methionine powders in cachets. Assign 1 cachet 3 times a day.

Rp: Methionini 0.6

D.t.d. No. 12 in oblates

S. One cachet 3 times a day.

2. Write out 12 gelatin elastic capsules containing 1.0 g of castor oil. Prescribe all capsules for 30 minutes.

Rp: Olei Ricini 1.0

D.t.d. No. 12 in capsylis gelatinosis elasticis

S. Take all capsules for 30 minutes.

Granules Granula (Granulum, Granuli) - - a solid dosage form in the form of homogeneous particles of round, cylindrical or irregular shape, intended for internal use. In recipes, granules are written out in a shortened version of the recipe, i.e. indicate the name of the dosage form, drug substance and its amount.

Recipe example.

Write out 100.0 granules of sodium paraaminosalicylate. Assign 1 teaspoon 3 times a day after meals.

Rp; Granularum Natrii paraaminosalicylatis 100.0

D.S. One teaspoon 3 times a day 1 hour after a meal.

Caramels (Caramela) - solid dosage forms in the form of dense masses of a flat shape, obtained by mixing medicinal substances with sugar, molasses and various flavoring and aromatic additives.

Caramels are used mainly for the treatment of diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and pharynx. To do this, they are kept in the mouth until completely resorbed.

Ophthalmic films and plates (Membranulae ophthalmicae et Lamellae) are polymer films containing certain medicinal substances in fixed doses.

When the film is placed on the conjunctiva of the eye, it is moistened with tear fluid and begins to gradually dissolve. The concentration of drug released in the conjunctival sac when using eye films can remain stable for 24 hours or more, which is a significant advantage over eye drops.

Currently, the medical industry produces ophthalmic films containing various medicinal substances (pilocarpine, atropine, dicain, neomycin, sulfapyridazine, etc.) Ophthalmic films are prescribed in an abbreviated form.

Recipe example.

1. To write out 30 films of the eye containing pilocarpine hydrochloride.

Rp. Membranulae ophthalmicae cum

Pilocarpini hydrochlorido No. 30

D.S. Place one film per edge of the lower eyelid daily.

Pharmacology: lecture notes Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

2. Solid dosage forms

Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Tablets(Tabulette tab.) obtained by pressing a mixture of medicinal and excipient. Distinguish between simple and complex in composition.

1. Rp.: Tab. Analgini0,5 № 10

D. S. 1 tablet 2-3 times a day.

2. Rp.: Amidopyrini

Butadioniaa 0.125

№ 20 in tab.

S. 1 tablet 3 times a day (after meals).

Jelly beans(Dragee) is made by layering medicinal and auxiliary substances on granules.

Rp.: Nitroxolini0,05

D. t. d. № 50 in dragee

S. 2 tablets 4 times a day with meals.

Powders(Pulveres, Pulv.) are intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution) use. There are non-dosed, simple and complex powders, including powders, and dosed, simple and complex powders.

The mass of the dosed powder should be 0.1-1.0. At a dose of less than 0.1, indifferent substances are added to the composition, most often sugar ( Saccharum).

Volatile, hygroscopic dosed powders are dispensed in special paper (waxed, waxed or parchment) and the recipe indicates: D. t. d. Number 20 in charta(paraffinata, pergaminata).

1. Rp.: Streptocidi10,0

D. S. For sprinkling wounds.

2. Rp.: Pul. foliorum digitalis0,05

D. t. d. № 30

S. 1 powder 2 times a day.

Capsules(Capsulae) - gelatin shells, which include metered powdery, granular, pasty, semi-liquid and liquid medicinal substances.

Rp.: Olei ricini1,0

D. t. d. № 30 in capsules gelatinosis

S. 1 capsule per dose.

Granules(Granulae) - a solid dosage form in the form of particles with a size of 0.2-0.3 mm, intended for oral administration.

The composition of the granules includes both medicinal and auxiliary substances.

Rp.: Granulum urodani100,0

S. 1 tsp. 4 times a day (before meals, in 0.5 cups of water).

In addition, there are filmand records(Membranulae et Lamellae) - special solid dosage forms in which medicinal substances are contained on a polymer basis; glossets(Glosset) - small tablets intended for sublingual or buccal use; caramel(Caramela) is prepared in the form of sweets containing sugar and molasses.

Used to treat oral diseases poultices(Cataplasmata) - semi-solid drugs that have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects.

Soluble tablets(Solvellenae) dissolved in water. The solution is applied externally (e.g., furatsilin tablets).

     From the book Latin for doctors   author A.I. Shtun

38. Dosage Forms   Aerosolum, -i (n) - aerosol - dosage form, which is a dispersed system, obtained using special packaging. Granulum, -i (n) - granule - solid dosage form in the form of grains, grains. Gutta, -ae (f) - drop - dosage form,

  the author

2. Solid dosage forms Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. Tablets (Tabulette, Tab.) Are prepared by compressing a mixture of the drug and excipient. Distinguish between simple and complex in composition. 1. Rp .: Tab. Analgini

   From the book Pharmacology: lecture notes   the author    Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

4. Dosage forms for injection. Soft Dosage Forms Injectable dosage forms include sterile aqueous and oily solutions. Distinguish between simple and complex in composition. Rp .: Sol. Glucosi 5% - 500 ml; Rp .: Sol. Camphorae oleosae 20% - 2 mlSteril.! D. t. d. No. 10 in amp.D. S. drip solutions in

   From the book Pharmacology   the author    Valeria Nikolaevna Malevannaya

3. The duration of the prescription and dosage of drugs. Solid dosage forms Prescription for narcotic and toxic drugs is valid for 5 days; ethyl alcohol - 10 days; for all others - up to 2 months from the date of discharge. Solid dosage forms include

   From the book Family Book   the author    Tatyana Demyanovna Popova

Dosage forms Homeopathic medicines are prepared in the form of grains, tablets, powders and alcohol solutions in pharmaceutical laboratories and specialized pharmacies. The most common form currently is

   From the book Basic Reference medicines   the author    Elena Yurievna Hramova

Dosage forms All drugs can be divided according to their state of aggregation into the following forms: - solid; - liquid; - soft; - gaseous. Also medications   subdivided according to the method of their introduction into the body (inside through the mouth, in the form of injections,

  the author    Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage Forms Powders, pills, ointments, tinctures are made from bear bile. Dry bile is marketed as a gall bladder. The cost of such a bag is from 200 to 250 rubles per gram. The whole bear’s gall bladder weighs an average of 30–80 g. To the market

   From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miraculous remedies for all diseases   the author    Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage forms Bear and badger fat is supplied to the market in its natural form (ghee); sold in pharmacies in the form of biologically active additives to pischa; It is part of therapeutic and cosmetic creams and ointments. Bear and badger have proven themselves well.

   From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miraculous remedies for all diseases   the author    Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage forms The procurers supply the market with a beaver stream in its natural form (solid dry iron), as well as in the form of powders and ready-made tinctures. Some traditional healers make strong rubbing and ointment from natural raw materials.

   From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miraculous remedies for all diseases   the author    Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage forms The complex complex of active ingredients of ginseng is not divided, and they have not yet been separately obtained, therefore tinctures and extracts are made from the roots of this medicinal plant. The most common in medical practice is alcohol

   From the book Siberian Health Recipes. Miraculous remedies for all diseases   the author    Maria Vitalievna Nikitina

Dosage forms You can buy fresh cedar gum from the procurers. On the Internet there are a lot of private announcements and offers from various companies. To prepare the turpentine balm, the collected resin is cleaned and filtered, and then mixed with cedar and

  the author    V. D. Sheremetev

Dosage forms and application Inside - an infusion of dry rhizomes (10 g of raw materials per 200 ml of boiling water), a quarter cup 3-4 times a day for 30 minutes. before meals. Tincture of dry rhizomes (prepared in a ratio of 1: 5 on 40% alcohol or vodka) 0.5 teaspoon 3 times a day before meals; juice (fresh

   From Book 33 Recipes for Men   the author    V. D. Sheremetev

Dosage forms and application Inside - a decoction of the roots (25 g of roots per 0.5 l of water, cook for 10 minutes) take 4 times a day before meals; fresh juice from grass or roots is taken in 1 tablespoon in half a glass of water with honey, 3 times a day. BLUE-HEAD SEASIDE

   From the book Golden mustache. Treatment and prevention of colds   author Julia Ulybina

Dosage forms From the juicy parts of the plant receive juice and prepare syrup, ointment, tea, decoction for poultices and other dosage forms. Juice The juice of plants is squeezed from freshly picked raw materials immediately or within a day after its collection. Use inside for colitis and ulcers

   From the book Dandelion, Plantain. Natural medicine   the author    Yuri Konstantinov

Dosage forms Decoction 1. Prepared as follows: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed roots is poured with 1 cup of hot water, simmer for 15 minutes, cool for 45 minutes and filter. Take 1 / 3-1 / 2 cup 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals for liver diseases,

   From the book Ginger - The Universal Healer   the author    Olga Vladimirovna Romanova

Dosage forms If you are interested in getting rid of an ailment, you need to clearly understand what and how to take with a particular disease, a component of which folk remedies is ginger and how are these folk remedies   use so that their action is as soft as possible,