Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation Petrozavodsk State University
I. A Vinogradova, A. I. Shevchenko, E. V. Shurygin
GENERAL RECIPE
Tutorial
Petrozavodsk
Petrozavodsk State University 2001
UDC b 15.03 V 493
General compounding: Textbook / I. A. Vinogradova, A. I. Shevchenko, E. V. Shurygina. Petrozavodsk, 2001.92 p.
The training manual gives concepts about the basic dosage forms, they consider the rules for writing them out in prescriptions, provide general information about medicines and the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia, as well as assignments for medical prescription for independent work.
The manual is intended for students of medical and pediatric faculties.
Tab. 3. Fig. 1.
Printed by decision
Editorial Board
Petrozavodsk State University
Reviewers:
Prof. A.I. Goransky,
Prof. A. Yu. Meigal
The publication was supported by Kondopoga OJSC
© I.A. Vinogradova, A.I. Shevchenko, E.V. Shurygina, 2001
© A. Yu. Fedotkov, original layout, 2001
© Petrozavodsk State University, 2001
^ BASIC INFORMATION
ON MEDICINAL FORMS,
SUBSTANCES, MEANS AND PREPARATIONS
Recipe - pharmacology section on prescribing rules.
Medicines are manufactured and applied in medical practice in various dosage forms.
Dosage form -- it is a condition (form) convenient for use given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material in which the necessary therapeutic or prophylactic effect is achieved.
Solid- powders, tablets, dragees, granules, caramels, lozenges, pills, films (plates), dry and thick extracts.
Soft- ointments, pastes, gels, creams, candles, plasters.
Liquid -solutions, infusions, decoctions, emulsions, suspensions, tinctures, liquid extracts, liniment, potions, Novogalenov preparations, balms, lotions, liquid organ preparations, syrups.
Capsules
Dosage forms for injection.
Aerosols.
Medicinal fees.
Drug substance - an individual chemical compound or biological substance that can be used as a medicine.
Medicine - a pharmacological agent that includes one or more medicinal substances and is approved by the appropriate authority in a given country for use in treating, preventing or diagnosing a disease. In our country, the Pharmacopoeia Committee issues permission to use a new drug.
Drug - a drug in a specific dosage form.
Medicinal raw materials - parts of plants, animal organs, products of mineral, bacterial, fungal origin from which drugs are made. Medicinal raw materials should also be approved for use by the Pharmacopoeia Committee.
^ THE CONCEPT OF STATE PHARMACOPEIA
· Pharmacopoeia (from the Greek. Pharmon - medicine, poison and poieo - I do it) - this is a collection of mandatory national standards and regulations that regulate the quality of medicines, raw materials and drugs, as well as the rules for the manufacture, storage, control and dispensing of medicines.
The State Pharmacopoeia (hereinafter referred to as the Pharmacopoeia) has a legislative character and is periodically reprinted, as the nomenclature of medicines changes. The preparation and publication of the Pharmacopoeia is conducted by the Pharmacopoeia Committee. This Pharmacopoeia recommends an international Latin chemical nomenclature of drugs according to WHO recommendations. Requirements for medicines are compiled taking into account existing international standards formulated in the WHO International Pharmacopoeia. The International Pharmacopoeia does not have legislative functions.
In the Pharmacopoeia lists of drugs belonging to group A and B are given, their definitions are given.
TO list A (Venena) are drugs, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which, due to their high toxicity, should be carried out with extreme caution. Drug addiction drugs also belong to this list.
TO list B(potent - Heroica) are drugs whose purpose, use, dosage and storage should be carried out with caution in connection with possible complications of their use without medical supervision.
For drugs of groups A and B, the Pharmacopoeia established the highest single and daily doses calculated for a person aged 24 years. Group A medicines are stored separately from other medicines in permanently closed safes or cabinets, on the inside of the door of which should be written “A. Venena ”with an indication of the list of stored substances, their single and daily doses. After work, safes or cabinets are sealed. Group B medicines are stored separately in special cabinets, which are closed at the end of the working day. The inscription “B. Heroica. "
^ GENERAL RULES FOR DOSING OF MEDICINES
In the formulation, one gram is taken as a unit of mass. (1,0), per unit volume - one milliliter (1 ml).
If the drug contains a drug in drops, then the number of drops is denoted by a Roman numeral, before which they write gtts (short for guttas - accusative plural).
If a medicinal substance is dosed in units of action, the number of action units is indicated in the prescription instead of weight quantities - Units
When dosing medicinal substances, it is necessary to use values \u200b\u200bless than one gram:
· Dose is the amount of drug introduced into the body. There are doses prescribed at one time one-timeduring the day - per diem on a course of treatment - term papers. Each of these doses can be medium therapeutic, higher therapeutic or minimal (threshold). Secondary therapeutic called the effective dose that causes a certain therapeutic effect. Higher therapeutic called the dose of a drug that does not reach its minimum toxic dose and is conditionally taken as the maximum allowable for introduction into the body. Minimum or threshold dose - this is the smallest dose that causes changes at the level of the body that go beyond physiological reactions.
The magnitude of the therapeutic dose may vary depending on age, weight, route of administration of the drug substance, the desired therapeutic effect. The usual therapeutic doses offered in various reference books are for a 24-year-old person weighing 70 kg. When recalculating doses for people over 60 years of age, sensitivity to various groups of drugs is taken into account. Doses of drugs that depress the central nervous system (sleeping pills, antipsychotics, narcotic analgesics), cardiac glycosides, diuretics are reduced by 50 %. Doses of other drugs on list A and B are reduced by 1/3. Doses of antibacterial drugs and vitamins usually do not reduce. When prescribing medicines to children, recalculation is possible for 1 kg of body weight, for 1 m 2 of the body surface or for 1 year of a child's life. There are empirical formulas for calculating the doses of medicines for children, where the adult dose is taken as the basis.
Recalculation by weight:
In children with overweight or underweight, an overdose or low dosage may be noted when calculating body weight. In this case, it is better to use the calculation of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe body. There are special normograms that allow you to switch when calculating from the value of the patient’s mass to the body surface area (they are offered in the corresponding reference books).
Recalculation by age (for children older than one year):
However, such a recount does not take into account the pharmaco-dynamics of the substance, age-related characteristics of resistance and sensitivity to this drug, as well as the individual characteristics of a particular child. Therefore, the doses of medicines for children are determined in clinical trials, and they are available in the relevant reference books.
^ RECIPE AND ITS STRUCTURE
· Recipe - This is a written appeal from a doctor to a pharmacy about the release of a drug to a patient in a specific dosage form (drug), indicating the dosage and method of its use.
A prescription is the official form of communication between a doctor (medical institution) and a pharmacist (pharmacy). A prescription is a form of medical documentation, that is, a medical and legal document. If there is any doubt about the correctness of the treatment, the prescription can serve as a justifying document testifying in favor of the doctor. In the case of free dispensing of medicines, the prescription is also a financial document and serves as the basis for settlements between pharmacies and medical institutions.
The prescription must have a stamp with the name of the institution, the seal of this institution “For recipes” and the doctor’s personal seal. The forms are designed in such a way that they are filled in by the doctor and pharmacist. The doctor actually fills the prescription, and the notes on the cost and preparation of medicines are made by the pharmacist in the pharmacy.
The recipe consists of 5 parts.
· The first part of the recipe (imcriptio - inscription) make up the date of discharge, surname and name of the patient, his age and address (or N medical record), surname and initials of the doctor.
·Second part (invocatid)- This is a doctor’s appeal to a pharmacist. The word is written here Recipe:(abbreviated ^ RpS),which means take.
·The third part (praescriptio)contains a list of drugs that are part of this dosage form:
· Fourth part (subscription - this is an indication to the pharmacist in which dosage form the medicine should be dispensed.
The second and fourth parts of the recipe are filled in in Latin.
· The fifth part of the recipe (signatura - designation) - a prescription about the method and time of use of this medicine. It begins with the word Signa (abbreviated S.)followed by:
Corrections to the recipe are not allowed. On one form, one drug is prescribed. The prescription ends with the doctor’s signature.
When dispensing a liquid drug, the doctor should know that:
Prescriptions for drugs that cause drug addiction and medicines equivalent to them (included in the special list) are written on special letterheads of the established form with the stamp, round stamp of the medical institution, personal seal of the doctor and the signatures of the doctor and the head of the department of this medical institution. The rest of the drugs in List A are prescribed on regular prescription forms and are not available in pharmacies without a prescription. Group B medicines are also available in pharmacies only by prescription. A prescription for a drug containing a potent or toxic substance is valid for 30 days from the date it is issued.
In cases where there is a need for accelerated manufacture and dispensing of the medicine, in the upper left corner of the prescription form they write “Cito” (quickly) or “Statum” (immediately). Words underline or place an exclamation mark.
If necessary, repeat the prescription on the prescription is also indicated in the upper left corner “Repetatur” (let it be repeated), “Bis repetatur” (let it be repeated twice) or « Semper repetatur» (let it always be repeated).
When a doctor prescribes a medicine for himself, they write “Pro auctore” (for the author) on the prescription.
Distinguished shortened and expanded medicinal prescriptions. In a detailed prescription list all the ingredients in the drug and their quantities. IN abbreviated prescription first indicate the dosage form, then the name of the drug, concentration (if necessary) and quantity, that is, auxiliary, corrective and formative indifferent substances are not indicated.
Medicines produced by the pharmaceutical industry according to pharmacopoeial prescriptions are called official (from officina - pharmacy). These drugs are prescribed in abbreviated form. Medicines manufactured in a pharmacy strictly according to a prescription drawn up at the discretion of the doctor, listing all the ingredients of the dosage form, are called trunk (from magister - teacher). These drugs are prescribed in expanded form. In practice, it is recommended to use ready-made dosage forms (official drugs and shortened medicinal prescriptions). In pediatric practice, mainline drugs are used more often, since the Pharmacopoeia in most cases is compiled with the expectation of an adult population.
Dosage forms can be dosage and non-dosage. Dosage forms they name those forms for which the dose of the medicine is given in the prescription at one time and then follows -Da tales doses numero ... (D. t. d. N ....) - "Give such doses by number ...". Underdosed dosage forms called those forms for which in the prescription the drug is prescribed by the total amount for all receptions. The patient himself must divide it into the appropriate number of receptions, as indicated in the signature (for I tablespoon, 10 drops, etc.).
^ PHARMACEUTICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERACTION OF MEDICINES
In practice, very often it is necessary to apply several medicines or prepare medicines that include several ingredients.
It should be borne in mind that various types of interaction can occur between substances. Distinguish between pharmaceutical and pharmacological incompatibility of drugs.
· Pharmaceutical incompatibility involves the interaction of drugs outside the human body. It is subdivided into physicochemical and chemicalincompatibility. Physicochemical incompatibility characterized by the fact that when mixing the prescribed ingredients it is impossible to prepare the required dosage form (for example, the preparation of a solution from immiscible liquids). Chemical incompatibility observed when the prescribed substances enter into a chemical reaction with the formation of inactive, toxic substances or substances with a different type of action.
· Pharmacological incompatibility involves the interaction of drugs in the human body, which may be accompanied by a weakening of the main action, the appearance of additional side effectsincreased toxicity, etc.
^ ACCEPTED ABBREVIATIONS OF LATIN WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS
Abbreviations are allowed in recipes, but only those that cannot cause any misunderstanding. The words should be abbreviated in a consonant, in the presence of double consonants in the second letter.
In the table. 1 shows the accepted abbreviations of the Latin notation in the recipe.
Table 1
| Abbreviation | ^ Full spelling | Transfer |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| aa | ana | equally |
| Ace. | Acidum | acid |
| Hell. | Aqua | water |
| Aq. destill. | Aqua destillata | distilled water |
| cort. | cortex | bark |
| D. | Da (Detur) | Let it go Let it be given |
| D. t. d N. | Da (Dentur) tales doses | Give these doses |
| D.S. | Da Signa (Detur. Signetur.) | Give. Designate. |
| Dec. | Decoctum | decoction |
| Emuls. | Emulsum | emulsion |
| Empl. | Emplastrum | patch |
| Extr. | Extractum | extract |
| ft | flos | flower |
| fol. | folium | sheet |
| fruct. | fructus | fetus |
| gtts | guttas | drops (wine. pl. pl.) |
| hb. | herba | grass |
| in amp. | in ampullis | in ampoules |
| in caps. amyl. | in capsulis amylaceis | in starch capsules |
| in caps. gel. | in capsulis gelatinosis | in gelatin capsules |
| in ch. cer. | in charta cerata | in wax paper |
| in obi. | in oblatis | in wafers |
| Inf. | Infusum | infusion |
| Linim. | Linimentum | liniment |
| Liq. | Liquor | liquid |
| M. | Misce | Mix |
| M. D. S. | Misce. Da Signa | Mix it up. Give. Designate. |
| M.f. | Misce ut fiat | Mix to make |
| Ol. | Oleum | oil |
| Past. | Pasta | paste |
| Pil. | Pilula | pill |
| Pulv. | Pulvis | powder |
| q.s. | quantum satis | as required |
| rad. | radix | root |
| Rp. | Recipe | Take |
| rhiz. | rhizoma | rhizome |
| S. | Signa (Signetur). | Designate. |
| sice. | siccus (-a, -urn) | dry (s) |
| simpl. | simplex | plain |
| Sir. | Sirupus | syrup |
| Sol. | Solutio | solution |
| Steril. | Sterilisetur! | Let it be sterilized! |
| Supp. | Suppositorium | suppository |
| Susp. | Suspensio | suspension |
| Tab. | Tabuletta | tablet |
| T-ra, Tinct. | Tinctura | tincture |
| Ung. | Uguentum | ointment |
| utf. | ut fiat | to get it |
^ TABLETTA (TABULETTA)
· Tablet - solid dosage form obtained by the factory by the method of pressing medicinal and auxiliary (sugar, starch, sodium bicarbonate, etc.) substances intended for internal use. All pills are official.
Sometimes tablets can be used for external or injection use, and then only after preliminary dissolution in an appropriate solvent. In addition, tablets can be intended for implantation in subcutaneous fat, applied under the tongue (sublingually), behind the cheek (buccally) or in the vagina (vaginally).
Excipients added at the plant to increase the weight of the tablet or to improve the pharmacokinetics of the drug substance are not indicated in the prescription.
The benefits of this dosage form:
persists for a long time;
masks the unpleasant taste of drugs;
allows you to accurately dose medicinal substances;
prolongs the effect of a drug substance;
provides consistent drug absorption
substances;
portable.
Tablets of simple composition
Tablets of simple composition contain one medicinal substance.
Prescribing Rules They are written out in two ways.
A. After the designation Rp .: indicate the name of the medicinal substance with a capital letter in the genitive case, its single dose in grams. On the second line is a prescription on the number of prescribed tablets - D. t. d N. ... in tabulettis (Give such doses by the number ... in tablets). The third line is the signature (S.).
Rp .: Digitoxini 0.0001
2. The concept of drugs (pharmacological). Medicinal raw materials, medicinal product, dosage form. Definition and purpose of the pharmacopeia. Official dosage forms. International (pharmacopoeial) and trade (company) names of drugs.
Drug substance - it is a separate chemical compound or biologically active substance, which, when introduced into the body, is able to prevent the occurrence of a disease, change the course of the pathological process, normalize function, and facilitate rapid recovery. Medicine - it is a pharmacological agent authorized for use by the authorized body of the country in the prescribed manner to prevent, treat or diagnose diseases of humans or animals. Pharmacological agent (clinical sample ) - a substance or mixture of substances with established pharmacological activity that is the subject of a clinical trial. These are also foreign medicines that are not authorized in the prescribed manner for use in the Russian Federation . New drug - This is a tool that is used no more than 3 years after registration in an industrial production. Drug - This is a medicine in the form of a specific dosage form (tablets, dragees, ointment, etc.). Dosage form - this is the provision of a medicinal product or medicinal plant material in a convenient condition for use, in which the necessary therapeutic effect is achieved . Medicinal raw materials - it is a material of bacterial, vegetable, mineral, animal or synthetic origin from which medicines are made. Preparations made from medicinal plant materials by simple processing (drying, grinding) are called simple. For complex processing of plant materials, complex or Galen, preparations (tinctures, extracts) are obtained. Galen preparations contain, in addition to the inactive (ballast) substances, which can reduce the activity of drugs. The presence of impurities in galenic preparations does not allow their parenteral use. Chemical and pharmaceutical industry enterprises produce preparations purified from ballast impurities, which, unlike galenic ones, are called novogalenimy (for example, omnopon, adoniside). Novogalenovi preparations can also be used for parenteral administration. Pharmacopoeia - a collection of official documents (set of standards and regulations) establishing the quality standards for medicinal raw materials - medical substances, excipientsdiagnostic and medicinal products and preparations made from them. The provisions of the Pharmacopoeia are based on the achievements of pharmaceutical chemistry and its pharmaceutical analysis, its criteria, methods and methods. This document includes directions for the manufacture, quality control of drugs. Determines the highest doses of drugs and establishes requirements for medicinal raw materials. The fulfillment of the stated norms and requirements of the Pharmacopoeia in combination with the fulfillment of the requirements of the GMP standard ensures the proper quality of medicinal substances and preparations. State Pharmacopoeia - Pharmacopoeia under state supervision. The State Pharmacopoeia is a document of national legislative force, its requirements are mandatory for all organizations of this state engaged in the manufacture, storage and use of medicines, including herbal origin. Pharmacopoeia content:
· descriptions of methods of chemical, physico-chemical and biological analyzes of drugs,
· information about the necessary reagents and indicators,
· descriptions of articles on individual medicinal substances and drugs,
· lists of poisonous (list A) and potent (list B) drugs,
· tables of the highest single and daily doses for adults and children.
Solid dosage forms
Solid dosage forms include tablets, dragees, powders, capsules, granules, etc. TabletsTablets (Tabulette, Tab.) - a solid dosage form, which is obtained by pressing a mixture of medicinal and auxiliary substances. Jelly beansDragee (Dragee) - a solid dosage form for internal use. It is made by layering (dragee) of medicinal and auxiliary substances on granules. PowdersPowders (Pulveres, Pulv.) - a solid loose dosage form intended for internal, external or injection (after dissolution) use. The mass of the dosage (divided into doses) of the powder should be 0.1-1.0. If the doses of medicinal substances included in the prescription are less than 0.1, then indifferent substances, most often sugar (Saccharum), are added to the composition. If it is necessary to release (volatile, hygroscopic) metered powders in special paper (waxed, waxed or parchment), then in the recipe indicate: Dtd N 20 in charta cerata (paraffinata, pergaminata). When the number of crushed parts of plants is not less than 0.05; indifferent substances are not added. CapsulesCapsules (Capsulae) - gelatin shells, in which are metered powdered, granular, pasty, semi-liquid and liquid medicinal substances. GranulesGranules (Granulae) - a solid dosage form in the form of particles with a size of 0.2-0.3 mm, intended for oral administration. The composition of the granules includes both medicinal and auxiliary substances that improve the taste and solubility of drugs (sugar, starch, glucose, etc.). Films and recordsFilms and plates (Membranulae et Lamellae) are special solid dosage forms in which drug-based substances are contained. GlossetsGlossetes (Glossetes) - small tablets intended for sublingual or buccal use. They can be prescribed as tablets. CaramelCaramels (Garamela) - a solid dosage form, prepared in the form of sweets containing sugar and molasses. They are used to treat diseases of the oral cavity. Soluble tabletsSoluble tablets (Solvellenae) - dissolved in water, and the solution is applied externally. They are prescribed as regular tablets for domestic use. Liquid dosage forms SolutionsSolutions (Solutiones, Sol.) - a liquid dosage form obtained by dissolving drugs in a solvent. Depending on the composition, solutions can be written out in an expanded, abbreviated or half-reduced way (complex solutions). Concentration in an abridged form is expressed as a percentage or as a ratio of mass and volume (for external use). Distinguish between aqueous and alcohol solutions. Galenic preparationsGalenic preparations - extracts from plant materials obtained by heating (water, boiling bath) or dissolving the corresponding extracts. The solvent used is water or alcohol. Infusions and decoctionsInfusions (Infusa, Inf.) And decoctions (Decocta, Dec). They are aqueous extracts from the dry parts of medicinal plants. SuspensionsSuspensions (Suspensio) - dispersed-heterogeneous systems that are intended for external, internal or injection use (subcutaneously, intramuscularly, in the cavity). Aerosols Aerosols are dispersed systems where the dispersed medium is a gas or gas mixture, and the dispersed phase is a liquid or the smallest particles. Potions Potions (Mixturae) - a liquid dosage form consisting of a mixture of several drugs in suspension. Extracts The extracts are alcohol-ether extracts from medicinal plant materials. There are liquid, thick and dry extracts. Novogalenovye preparations Novogalenovye drugs are obtained as a result of special testing with a high degree of purification of drugs. Dispersed systems Dispersed systems are systems where the dispersion medium is liquid (water, oil, gas, etc.) and the dispersed phase is insoluble fine particles. These include suspensions, aerosols, potions. Applications Applications (Applicationes) - liquid or greasy preparations used for application to the skin for therapeutic purposes. BalmsBalsams (Balsama) - liquids obtained from plants and having an aromatic odor, antiseptic and deodorizing properties. CollodionCollodia (Collodia) - solutions of nitrocellulose in alcohol with ether (1: 6) containing medicinal substances. They are applied externally. Creams Creams (Cremores) - semi-liquid preparations containing medicines, oils, fats and other substances, but less viscous than ointments. They are applied externally. Injection Dosage FormsDosage forms for injections include sterile aqueous and oily solutions made both in the pharmacy and in the factory according to the main prescriptions. Soft dosage formsThe composition of soft dosage forms as form-forming bases include fats and fat-like substances of animal origin and substances derived from oil, synthetic polymers. The basics of animal origin include: pork fat, lanolin, spermaceti, yellow wax, vegetable oils, and petroleum substances: petrolatum, petroleum jelly, refined petroleum (naphthalan) and products from synthetic substances (polyethylene glycols or polyethylene oxides). OintmentsOintments (Unguenta, Ung.) - a soft dosage form of a viscous consistency, used for external use and containing less than 25% of dry (powder) substances. PastesPastes (Pastae, Past.) - a type of ointment with a content of at least 25% dry matter in its composition, and with a lower content of them include excipient powders (talc, white clay, starch, etc.). LinimentLinimenta (Linimenta, Lin.) - liquid ointments in which medicinal substances are evenly distributed in a liquid ointment base. Before use, the liniment is mixed (shaken). CandlesSuppositories (suppositories, suppositoria, supp.) - dosage form, solid at room temperature and melting at body temperature. They come in pharmacy and factory manufacturing, and according to the method of application, rectal and vaginal. The mass of the rectal suppository is 3.0 (on average), the mass of the vaginal suppository is 4.0 (on average). PatchesPatches (Emplastra) - a dosage form in the form of a plastic mass, which at body temperature softens and adheres to the skin.
A medicine can have three main names:
1) Chemical name
reflecting the composition and structure of the drug substance. Chemical names are rarely used in practical public health, but are often cited in drug annotations and are contained in special reference books, for example: 1,3-dimethylxanthine, 5 ethyl 5-phenyl barbituric acid, etc.
2) International Nonproprietary Name
(INN, International Nonproprietary Name, INN). This is the name of the drug recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), adopted for use worldwide in the educational and scientific literature in order to conveniently identify the drug by belonging to a particular pharmacological group and in order to avoid bias and errors. A synonym for INN is the term generic, or generic name. Sometimes INN reflects the chemical structure of a drug substance, for example: acetylsalicylic acid, acetaminophen.
3) Patented Commercial Name
(Brand name). It is assigned by pharmaceutical companies manufacturing this particular original drug and is their commercial property (trademark) protected by a patent. For example, the trade name of acetylsalicylic acid is aspirin, furosemide - lasix, diclofenac voltaren. Trade names are used by manufacturers for marketing purposes, for the promotion and competition of drugs in the market.
When a developer's firm expires, other companies can produce the drug and sell it under an international name. Such drugs are called generic drugs, or generic drugs. Generic drugs are usually cheaper than the original, since the costs of their development and clinical trials are not included in the price.
Drug substanceis a chemical compound of natural or synthetic origin, which is the main active principle that determines the medicinal properties. It is part of the drug.
Medicinal raw materials is the source of the drug. The most common and long-known medicinal raw materials include many plants, both wild-growing and cultivated by specialized farms. The second source of medicinal raw materials is the organs and tissues of various animals, the vital products of fungi and bacteria, from which hormones, enzymes, antibiotics and other biologically active substances are obtained. An important role in this is played by genetic engineering, which makes it possible to obtain previously unknown substances. The third source is some natural and synthetic derivatives. After appropriate treatment of the medicinal raw material, an active medicinal substance is obtained.
Depending on the processing method of medicinal raw materials, galenic and newgalenic preparations are obtained.
Galenic preparations are preparations of complex chemical composition obtained from parts of plants or animal tissues. They contain active compounds in combination with ballast substances. Galenic preparations include infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, syrups, etc.
Novogalenovye preparations are water-alcohol extracts from plant medicinal raw materials of a high degree of purification with the removal of all ballast substances. Thanks to this purification, drugs can be administered parenterally.
Medicinal product (medicine) - this is “any substance or product used or planned to be used to modify or study physiological systems or pathological conditions for the benefit of the recipient” (definition of the WHO scientific team), may contain other substances that ensure its stable form. The terms “drug” and “medicine” are used interchangeably. The medicine may have a single component or complex composition with prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. In the Russian Federation, medicinal products are those that are approved for use by the Ministry of Health in the prescribed manner.
Drug - This is a drug in a ready-to-use form. This is a metered drug in an adequate dosage form for individual use and optimal design with the addition of an annotation about its properties and use.
Dosage form- physical state of the drug, convenient for use (see below)
All drugs are divided into three groups, taking into account their possible toxic effects on the human body if used improperly. Lists of these drugs are presented in the State Pharmacopoeia. List A (Venena - poisons) includes medicines, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which, due to their high toxicity, should be carried out with extreme caution. This list also includes drugs that cause addiction. List B (heroica - potent) includes drugs, the purpose, use, dosage and storage of which should be carried out with caution in connection with possible complications when they are used without medical supervision. The third group - drugs dispensed from pharmacies without prescription.
3. Medicinal plants as a source of drugs. Differences of herbal preparations from synthetic ones.
Medicinal plants are especially valuable in the treatment of chronic diseases, when patients need long-term medication. Their advantage over synthetic drugs is that they rarely cause adverse reactions of the body, are almost non-toxic, are well tolerated by patients regardless of age, are used for prophylactic purposes and for long courses of treatment. In addition, they can be easily prepared at home in the form of tinctures, infusions and decoctions. It should be remembered that only those types of medicinal plants that are well known can be harvested on their own; Do not collect plants in urban areas, near motorways and railways. Scientists divide medicinal plants of the Far East into three categories: 1) especially valuable species (real ginseng, high zamani, Schisandra chinensis, Rhodiola rosea); 2) plants in which related species have large resources and which can be harvested together, without dividing into botanical species (dogrose, blueberry, acantopanax, raspberry, currant, cranberry, hawthorn, mountain ash and others); 3) plants that can be collected along with others (juniper, hemophilus, valerian, celandine). Among medicinal plants, there are many species that grow everywhere in the Far East and beyond: chamomile, knotweed, yarrow, celandine, clover, horsetail, rosemary, birch, larch, elderberry.
Key concepts: MEDICINAL PLANT - MEDICINAL VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL Medicinal plants (Plantae medicinalis) - plants containing biologically active substances that act on the human and animal body, used to procure medicinal plant materials used for medicinal purposes. Medicinal plant material whole medicinal plants or their parts, used in dried, less often fresh form, as a medicine or to obtain medicinal substances and preparations, and authorized for use by an authorized body in the prescribed manner.
Drug substance used for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment of diseases, prevention of pregnancy. It can be obtained from blood, blood plasma, as well as organs, tissues of a person or animal, plants, microorganisms, minerals, by synthesis methods or using biological technologies. Medicines also include substances of plant, animal or synthetic origin that have pharmacological activity and are intended for the manufacture of medicines. Ready-to-use dosage formulations. The dosage form is a convenient condition for use given to a medicinal product or medicinal plant material, which allows to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Medicinal substance is a substance with therapeutic or prophylactic properties and intended for the manufacture of finished medicines.
5. Dosage forms, their classification, characteristics. The value of the choice of dosage form.
Dosage Forms - medicines with certain physico-chemical properties and providing optimal therapeutic effect.
